• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.217-245
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• 2001

Like traditional commerce, disputes are bound to arise in the course of conducting an e-commerce transaction. At present of June 30, 2001, 259 cases of dispute on e-commerce have been applied for the mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Mediation Committee, types of them are 170 cases of delayed delivery of commodity, 21 cases of contract cancellation and refund, 16 cases of personal information protection, 16 cases of false and exaggerated advertisement, 14 cases of commodity defect. The settlement systems of e-commerce dispute are litigation and Alternative Dispute Resolution(ADR). ADR encompasses mediation, arbitration, and similar private tools for resolving disputes. ADR offers many perceived advantages. Speed of resolution and low cost are often cited as the primary benefits. Therfore e-commerce disputes may be settled more effectively by litigation. The settlement systems of e-commerce dispute by ADR are the mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Mediation Committee, the mediation of Consumer Dispute Mediation Commercial Arbitration Board, and the arbitration of Korean Commerical Arbitration Board. E-commerce sets up the probability that its merchants and customers will not exist in the same legal jurisdictions. The confusing application of laws and wide geographical dispersion of these parties will necessitate a faster and cheaper dispute resolution methodology. Therefore, online ADR may be effective for e-commerce dispute resolution. The examples of online ADR opetation are the cyber mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Resolution Committee, the cyber mediation of Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, the cyber mediation of Click N Settle, the online ADR of BBB online, and the cyber arbitration of virtual Magistrate.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.633-638
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• 1992

Adriamycin의 투여로 변화되는 생체내 지질과산화대사에 대하여 비타민 A및 E의 급여와 이들의 동시급여의 효과를 살펴보기 위해 이유한지 1주된 Sprague-Dawley 흰쥐를 6주간 사육하였다. 대조군을 제외한 모든 실험군에게 매주 일정시각에 ADR(2mg/kg/week)을 복강주사 한 후 비타민A와 E의 급여효과를 관찰하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 간 조직에서의 과산화지질 함량은 ADR투여로 현저한 증가로 보여주었고, 비타민 A 와 E급여가 이들의 생성을 저하시켰다. Catalase 활성도는 ADR의 투여로 증가된 반면 GSH-Px는 감소되는 경향이었다. 이에 비타민 A나 E의 급여로 ADR투여에 의한 효소 활성도의 변화를 완화시켰다. SOD의 활성은 ADR의 투여로 유의적인 변화는 나타나지 않았지만 비타민 A와 E동시 급여군에서 그 활성도가 현저히 유도외었다. 간 미토콘드리아의 지방산조정은 ADR투여로 큰 변화는 없었으나 비타민 E급여군이 비타민 A급여군 보다 방어효과가 더 좋았다. 또한 지질성분들의 변화는 ADR의 투여로 중성지질과 콜레스테롤 함량이 증가하였고 비타민 A의 급여에 의해 이들 함량이 유의적으로 감소되었다.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.107-131
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• 2013

Online-ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) has been receiving attention from the international community as a means of alternative dispute resolution for consumer disputes in both small and mass international e-commerce. The EU Parliament and the Council proposed the Online Dispute Resolution Regulation for Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ODR Regulation") and the Directive on Alternative Dispute Resolution of Consumer Disputes (hereafter, "EU Consumer ADR Directive") as a legislative package, now scheduled to be adopted. Those efforts strengthen consumer protection by enhancing ODR in international e-commerce and improving of the functions of the e-commerce market. The EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package will operate in conjunction with the ODR platform as a single point across Europe, abandoning the ADR system of each member. Consumers and traders who need dispute resolution apply on the EU ODR platform linked website, and the applications are distributed to individual ADR institutions in accordance with the Rules and Procedure of ADR institutions in the respective country. Although there has been partial progress in Korea for ODR programs such as the establishment of the Online Administrative Trial and the procedures of individual ADR agencies operating through the website, existing norms do not fully support the system. At this point, we see many implications of the EU Consumer ADR and ODR regulation package on the direction chosen for domestic ADR and ODR policy and legislation. This study introduces the main features and content of the EU Consumer ADR Directive (draft) and ODR Regulation provisions, and describes the direction of domestic policy and legislation regarding Online-ADR.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.320-328
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• 1991

본 연구는 항암제로서의 효능을 가진 ADR을 투여하여 유도된 흰쥐의 체내 지질과산화에 대하여 vitamin E와 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 의 항산화 효과를 구명하고자 실시되었다. 횐쥐의 성장상태는 ADR의 투여로 대조군에 비하여 저하되었으나 vitamin E나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 공급에 의하여 별다른 영향을 받지 못했다. 혈장과 심장 미토콘드리아 분획에서의 지질과산화물 함량은 ADR 단독 투여군에서 현저하게 증가되었으나 vitamin E나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 의 공급량에 비례하여 저하되었고 그 작용 능력은 vitamin E가 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 지질과산화물 대사효소 활성도에 있어서는 catalase 활성도가 전 처리군에서 유의적 차이를 보이지 알은 반면 GSH-Px 활성도는 ADR투여로 대조군에 비해 증가되었으나 vitamin E의 공급으로 대조군의 수준으로 저하되었다. Adriamycin에 의해 증가된 SOD 활성도는 vitamin E와 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 공급에 의해서 모두 영향을 받았으나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 보다는 vitamin E에 의해 더 큰 효과를 나타내었다. 심장 미토콘드리아 분획의 지방산 조성은 ADR 단독 투여군에 있어서는 arachidonic acid가 다른 처리군들에 비해서 가장 높게 나타난 반면에 docosahexaenioc acid는 관찰되지 않았다. 그러나 높은 수준의 vitamin E나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 을 공급시켰을 때 arachidonic acid는 감소하는 대신 docosahexaenioc acid는 증가되었으며 높은 수준의 vitamin E가 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 보다도 더 큰 보호작용을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과를 종합해서 볼 때 ADR 투여로 인해 심장에서 일어난 지질과산화 반응에 대해 vitamin E 나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 이 정상 수준에는 미치지 못하나 지질과산화 방어계 효소변화를 통해 보호작용을 나타낸다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 심장에서 ADR에 의한 지질과산화 반응을 억제시키는 능력에 있어서는 농도에 비례하여 vitamin E가 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 보다도 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2016

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha ($eIF2{\alpha}$), which is a component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex, functions in cell death and survival under various stress conditions. In this study, we investigated the roles of $eIF2{\alpha}$ phosphorylation in cell death using the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MCF-7/ADR. MCF-7/ADR cells are MCF-7-driven cells that have acquired resistance to doxorubicin (ADR). Treatment of doxorubicin reduced the viability and induced apoptosis in both cell lines, although susceptibility to the drug was very different. Treatment with doxorubicin induced phosphorylation of $eIF2{\alpha}$ in MCF-7 cells but not in MCF-7/ADR cells. Basal expression levels of Growth Arrest and DNA Damage 34 (GADD34), a regulator of $eIF2{\alpha}$, were higher in MCF-7/ADR cells compared to MCF-7 cells. Indeed, treatment with salubrinal, an inhibitor of GADD34, resulted in the upregulation of $eIF2{\alpha}$ phosphorylation and enhanced doxorubicin-mediated apoptosis in MCF-7/ADR cells. However, MCF-7 cells did not show such synergic effects. These results suggest that dephosphorylation of $eIF2{\alpha}$ by GADD34 plays an important role in doxorubicin resistance in MCF-7/ADR cells.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.67-85
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• 2010

On-line ADR is to use means of settling disputes online to settle disputes happened on-line or off-line. It gave important opportunity for engaging in a commercial transaction to small group or individual. If it uses judiciary proceeding, it will cost too much, complicate and take considerable time. So, because of these reasons, OECD even encourage on-line ADR as a mean for relieving consumer's damage actively on e-commerce. Korea is also trying to introduce on-line ADR partially or completely in Korea Consumer Agency, The National IT Industry Promotion Agency, The Korean Commercial Arbitration Board. However, Korea's on-line ADR is more insufficient than advanced country's. Nevertheless, because on-line needs to introduce, this study suggests the problem and plan centering the type and the present condition of on-line ADR.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.425-457
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• 2004

This study is to approach e-Trade issues and how to settle the dispute for e-Trade according to on-line Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) process. Most on-line systems operate on a limited access basis. The increasing use of the internet to do business brings to light at least important concerns to persons who engage in commerce on-line, or e-Trade. There is some concern about the limits of current internet technology to guarantee the security of e-Trade. The new technology has transformed society and is defining new years of doing business. This revolution in technology has even changed the nature of many of the goods and services that are the subjects of e-Trade. There is also concern about the limits of the legal framework to guarantee the enforcement of e-Trade. A significant issue is how the law should be adapted to reflect business practices regarding such cyberspace agreements as Web site click-on agreements, e-data interchange, and on-line sales. The principal benefits of on-line ADR should typically be faster and less expensive than traditional conciliation arbitration. The on-line ADR system has the several significances, decreasing inappropriate cost as time and burden of ADR, providing an approachable measure of relief and more efficient tool for the settle of dispute. Therefore, on-line ADR could be used as an adjunct resolution process in large class actions where each single claim is small, but varies somewhat, thus requiring some individual fact determination.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.379-388
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• 1992

The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of dietary vitamin A or E. and of combination of vitamins A and E on peroxidative deterioration of heart in adriamycin-treated rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to 5 groups according to the dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E Except control rats a dose of 2mg ADR/kg of B. W was injected to these animals intraperitoneally on the same day every week. Adriamycin treatment significantly decreased the weight gain of experimental rats compared with that of control rats, But this decrement was not modified by dietary supplementation of vitamin A or E. Lipid peroxide values of plasma were elevated by ADR treatment. The combined use of ADR and dietary vitamin A or E significantly reduced these values, The interaction between vitamins A and E seemed to be present in the lipid peroxide value of plasma. Catalase and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities in rat heart were decrased by ADR treatment but glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity was elevated. Dietary supplmen-tation of vitamin A or E enhanced the heart catalase and SOD activities. except only vitamin A-supplemented group. GSH-Px activity of rat heart tended to be decreased by dietary supple-mentation of vitamin A or E. With ADR treatment polyunsaturated fatty acids such as archido-nic acid(20:4) and docosahexaenoic acid(22:6) were decreased in rat heart. However dietary supplementation of vitamins A and E reduced this decrease. The retinol and tocopherol contents of rat plasma were decreased by ADR treatment. Dietary vitamin A or E influence vitamin A or E content of plasma. The interaction between dietary vitamins A and E was observed in vitamin A or E level of rat plasma.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of vitamin E supplementation renal lipid peroxidation in high fat diet and adriamycin (ADR) induced experimental nephrotic syndrome model rats. Treated rats were injected intraperitoneally with ADR (2mg/kgBW/wk) once a week for four weeks. control rats were injected with saline solution instead of ADR. The rats in each group were fed experimental diets of three levels of vitamin E for 10 weeks: Normal (501U/kg diet), high (5,000IU/kg diet), excess (7,500IU/kg diet). The high fat diet and ADR treatment was performed to induce the decrease of kidney functions. Serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased by the excess supplementation. But there was no effect of vitamin E supplementation on serum total lipid and triglyceride. Thiobarbituric acid reacting substances(TBARS) was significantly decreased at high and excess supplementation. Glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase ({TEX}$GP_{x}${/TEX}) and catalase activities (CAT) were measured as antioxidative enzymes. The renalglutathione reductase (GR) and catalase activities (CAT) were inclined to elevate by vitamin E supplementation. Thus the vitamin E supplementation was found to have an antioxicant effect. These results suggested that vitamin E supplementation could alleviate the changes in renal lipid peroxidation.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.484-489
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• 1992

Adriamycin(ADR)에 의해 유도된 지질과산화로 인한 세포손상에 대한 vitamin E 및 coenzyme $Q_{10}$의 효과를 검토하기 위하여 이유한 sprague-Dawley 흰쥐를 4군(대조군, coenzyme $Q_{10}$과 vitamin E 무첨가군, coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 급여군, vitamin E 급여군)으로 나누어 6주간 사육하였다. 대조군을 제외한 모든 실험군에게 매주 1회씩 일정시각에 ADR(2mg/kg)을 복강주사하였다. 혈장에서의 지질과산화물 함량, 간 cytosol의 지질과산화물 대사 효소활성도, 간 미토콘드리아의 지방산 조성과 간 지질함량을 측정하였다. 혈장에서의 지질과산화물 함량은 대조군에 비해서 모든 처리군에서 증가되었으나 vitamin E와 coenzyme $Q_{10}$의 급여로 유의적인 감소를 나타내었다. Catalase와 GSH-Px 활성도는 ADR투여로 크게 변화되지 않았으나 coenzyme $Q_{10}$의 급여로 활성이 유으적으로 증가되었다. SOD 활성도는 ADR 투여로 유의적인 감소를 나타내었으며 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 공급만이 그 활성도를 크게 유도하였다. 간 지질함량의 변화는 ADR 투여로 대조군에 비해 cholesterol과 phospholipid 양이 증가되었고, cholesterol함량에 있어서는 coenzyme $Q_{10}$ 급여로 억제효과를 나타내었다.