• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권7호
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• pp.966-976
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• 2019

Objective: The methane mitigating potential of various plant-based polyphenol sources is known, but effects of combinations have rarely been tested. The aim of the present study was to determine whether binary and 3-way combinations of such phenol sources affect ruminal fermentation less, similar or more intensively than separate applications. Methods: The extracts used were from Acacia mearnsii bark (acacia), Vitis vinifera (grape) seed, Camellia sinensis leaves (green tea), Uncaria gambir leaves (gambier), Vaccinium macrocarpon berries (cranberry), Fagopyrum esculentum seed (buckwheat), and Ginkgo biloba leaves (ginkgo). All extracts were tested using the Hohenheim gas test. This was done alone at 5% of dry matter (DM). Acacia was also combined with all other single extracts at 5% of DM each, and with two other phenol sources (all possible combinations) at 2.5%+2.5% of DM. Results: Methane formation was reduced by 7% to 9% by acacia, grape seed and green tea and, in addition, by most extract combinations with acacia. Grape seed and green tea alone and in combination with acacia also reduced methane proportion of total gas to the same degree. The extracts of buckwheat and gingko were poor in phenols and promoted ruminal fermentation. All treatments except green tea alone lowered ammonia concentration by up to 23%, and the binary combinations were more effective as acacia alone. With three extracts, linear effects were found with total gas and methane formation, while with ammonia and other traits linear effects were rare. Conclusion: The study identified methane and ammonia mitigating potential of various phenolic plant extracts and showed a number of additive and some non-linear effects of combinations of extracts. Further studies, especially in live animals, should concentrate on combinations of extracts from grape seed, green tea leaves Land acacia bark and determine the ideal dosages of such combinations for the purpose of methane mitigation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1146-1156
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the effect of two plant additives, rich in polyphenolic compounds, supplemented to sheep diets on microorganisms and carbohydrate fermentation in rumen. Methods: In the experiment, 6 ewes of the Polish Mountain breed were fitted with ruminal cannulas. Sheep were divided into three feeding groups. The study was performed in a cross-over design of two animals in each group, with three experimental periods (n = 6 per each group). The animals were fed a control diet (CON) or additionally received 3 g of dry and milled lingonberry leaves (VVI) or oak bark (QUE). Additionally, plant material was analyzed for tannins concentration. Results: Regardless of sampling time, QUE diet increased the number of total protozoa, as well as Entodinium spp., Diplodinium spp. and Isotrichidae family, while decreased bacterial mass. In turn, a reduced number of Diplodinium spp. and increased Ophryoscolex spp. population were noted in VVI fed sheep. During whole sampling time (0, 2, 4, and 8 h), the number of protozoa in ruminal fluid of QUE sheep was gradually reduced as opposed to animals receiving CON and VVI diet, where rapid shifts in the protozoa number were observed. Moreover, supplementing sheep with QUE diet increased molar proportions of butyrate and isoacids in ruminal fluid. Unfortunately, none of the tested additives affected gas production. Conclusion: The addition of VVI or QUE in a small dose to sheep diets differently affected rumen microorganisms and fermentation parameters, probably because of various contribution of catechins in tested plant materials. However, it is stated that QUE diet seems to create more favorable conditions for growth and development of ciliates. Nonetheless, the results of the present study showed that VVI and QUE additives could serve as potential natural modulators of microorganism populations and, consequently, carbohydrate digestion in ruminants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.475-489
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• 2013

본 연구는 낙엽송과 백합나무 톱밥을 이용한 펠릿의 제조 과정에서 바인더로 일정량의 유채박, 커피부산물, 수피, 솔방울, 리그닌 분말을 첨가하여 바인더의 종류 및 첨가량이 내구성을 포함한 펠릿의 품질에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 수행하였다. 바인더와 함께 제조한 펠릿의 품질은 국립산림과학원에서 고시한 목재 펠릿 품질 규격 1등급 기준을 대부분 상회하였으며, 일부 과다한 양의 바인더를 첨가하여 제조한 펠릿에서만 높은 회분 함량으로 2~3등급 기준을 만족하는 것으로 조사되었다. 바인더 종류 및 첨가량에 따른 펠릿의 내구성은 리그닌, 유채박 그리고 커피부산물을 첨가하여 제조한 펠릿에서 우수하였으며, 백합나무 펠릿은 첨가량의 증가와 함께 내구성도 향상되었다. 한편 낙엽송 펠릿의 경우 첨가량의 증가에 따른 내구성 향상 효과는 크지 않았으며, 수피와 솔방울을 바인더로 사용하였을 때 첨가량의 증가와 함께 내구성이 감소하였다. 제조된 펠릿의 광학/전자현미경 관찰을 통하여 바인더의 종류에 따른 차이를 명확하게 확인할 수 없었으나, 첨가량에 따른 차이는 명확하게 관찰할 수 있었다. 결과를 종합하면, 바인더의 첨가는 목재 펠릿의 품질 향상에 대부분의 항목에서 기여하였으며, 특히 커피부산물을 바인더로 사용하여 제조한 펠릿의 경우 모든 품질에서 뚜렷한 향상을 확인할 수 있었다. 향후 저렴한 바인더의 안정적인 확보가 이루어진다면 바인더의 첨가로 인하여 연료적 품질이 향상된 목재 펠릿의 상용화가 가능할 것으로 확신한다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 1989

뽕나무 고조삽목에 있어서 각 품종별로 삽수피부의 건물량, C/N률, 탄수화물, 단백질 및 핵산 등의 삽목후 경시적 변화를 알아보기 위하여 삽목당일부터 삽목 후 40일까지 10일 간격으로 삽수의 피부를 채취 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 뿌리와 신초의 생장은 검운뽕(Morus bombycis KoIDZ)이 가장 왕성하였으며, 다음으로 대륙뽕(Morus Lhou(SER.) KoIDZ.)과 개량뽕(Morus alba L.)순으로 낮았다. 2. 삽수피부의 건물량은 삽수당일 50%내외에서 삽목 후 40일째에는 36% 내외로 약 14%정도 감소하였으며, 뿌리와 신초의 생장이 빠른 검운뽕이 가장 높은 감소율을 보였다. 3. C/N율은 삽목 초기에 감소하다가 뿌리와 신초가 생장함에 따라 10일부터 증가하였으며, 검운뽕은 C/N율이 가장 높았고 개량뽕은 가장 낮았다. 4. 전당의 함량은 삽목 후 40일까지 감소하는 경향이었으나, 10일부터 20일 사이에는 약간의 증가를 보였다. 환원당은 삽목 후 20일까지 서서히 증가하였으며 그 후 감소하였다. 전분은 삽목 후 40일까지 감소하였으며 건물량 감소와 같은 경향이었다. rjadnsQHd은 다른 품종에 비해 전당, 전분의 함량이 많았으며, 뿌리와 신초가 생장함에 따라 소비량도 많았다. 5. 조단백질과 수용성단백질은 삽목 후 10일까지 증가하였으나 그 후 감소하였으며, 검운뽕의 단백질함량이 가장 적었다. 6. RNA는 단백질의 변화와 같은 경향이었으나, 검은뽕의 함량이 가장 많았다. DNA는 함량의 경시적 변화와 품종간 함량의 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.3-15
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• 1986

본(本) 실험(實驗)은 이태리 포플라(Populus euramericana) 플리치(flitch)의 SDR (Saw-Dry-Rip) 방법(方法)과 대조재로서 평균각재(平均角材)를 사용하여 동일한 건조조건(乾燥條件)에서 양자간(兩者間) 건조속도(乾燥速度)와 건조결함(乾燥缺陷)의 발생정도를 비교코저 실시하였으며 두께 50mm인 평소각재(平小角材)와 플리치 건조(乾燥)스케쥴 T8-F4를 적용하여 함수율(含水率) 10%정도까지 열기건조(熱氣乾燥)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 평균각재(平均角材)의 평균(平均) 건조속도(乾燥速度)는 0.41%/hr. 였으며 플리치의 평균(平均) 건조속도(乾燥速度)는 0.44%/hr. 였다. 2. 평균각재(平均角材)의 최종함수율(最終含水率)은 8.0%이고 플리치의 최종함수율(最終含水率)은 10.1%였다. 함수율분포(含水率分布)에 있어서 평소각재(平小角材)의 표층, 중간층 및 내층 의 평균함수율(平均含水率)은 각각 8.8%, 10.4%, 12.6%이고 플리치의 경우는 각각 10.6%, 12.9%, 16.3%였다. 3. 플리치의 SDR방법(方法)은 평소각재(平小角材)의 건조(乾燥)보다 길이굽음 20%, 너비굽음 25%, 측면(側面)굽음 54.9%, 비틀림 13.4% 감소되었다. 4. 수피(樹皮)인접부위의 평소각재(平小角材)의 길이굽음과 너비굽음은 수심(樹心)부위의 평소각재(平小角材)의 경우보다 감소되었으나 측면굽음과 비틀림은 오히려 증가되었다. 5. 평소각재(平小角材)의 표면할열(表面割裂)보다 적게 발생하였고 횡단면할열(橫斷面割裂)은 양자(兩者)간에 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 6. 평소각재(平小角材)와 플리치의 내부할열(內部割裂), 두께 수축율(收縮率) 및 찌그러짐은 서로 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 7. 평소각재(平小角材)의 표면경화율(表面硬化率)은 19.2%로서 플리치의 표면경화율(表面硬化率) 11.9%보다 컸었다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

This study was carried out to research and develop a shallow green rooftop system which would require low maintenance and therefore could be used for existing rooftops. To achieve these goals, the conceptual model was induced by past studies and the experimental systems were deduced from the conceptual model. On the growth of Sedum sarmentosum grown in these rooftop systems, the effects of artificial substrate type, soil depth, and drainage type were investigated from 3 April to 11 October 2002. Artificial substrates were an alone type and a blending type. The alone type was an artificial substrate formulated by blending crushed porous glass with bark(v/v, 6:4). The blending type was formulated by blending the alone type with loam(v/v, 1:1). Soil depths were 5cm, loom, and 15cm. Drainage types were a reservoir-drainage type and a drainage type. The reservoir-drainage type could keep water and drain excessive water at the same time. The drainage type could drain excessive water but could not keep water. Covering area, total fresh and dry weight, visual quality, and water content per 1g dry matter were measured. All the variables were analyzed by correlation analysis and factor analysis. The results of the study are summarized as follows. The growth increment was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in loom soil depth and higher in the reservoir-drainage type than in the drainage type. The growth quality was higher in the blending type than in the alone type, the highest in l0cm soil depth, and higher in the drainage type than in the reservoir-drainage type. In consideration of the permissible load on the existing rooftops and the effects of the treatments on the growth increment and quality, the system should adopt the blending type in artificial substrate types, 5~10cm in soil depths, and the drainage type in drainage types. This system will be well-suited to the growth of Sedum sarmentosum, and when the artificial substrate was in field capacity, the weight will be 75~115kg/$m^2$.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2006

This research was conducted to determine the plant growth and nutrient contents of potted chrysanthemum 'Lima Honey' as influenced by application rate of fused superphosphate (FSSP) in three root media, peatmoss+vermiculite (1:1, v/v; PV), peatmoss+composted rice hall (1:1, v/v; PR), and peatmoss+composted pine bark (1:1, v/v; PB). All root media contained polyacrylic acid sodium salt at a rate of $4.5g L^{-1}$. The treatment of $1.4g L^{-1}$ in PV and those of $0.7g L^{-1}$ in PR and PB had the greatest fresh and dry weights in each root medium at both 43 and 80 days after transplanting. Elevated application rates of FSPP increased tissue contents of N, P, and K at both 43 and 80 days after transplanting in PV medium. However, the differences in tissue contents of N, P and K in PR medium were less significant among treatments of FSPP. The pre-planting FSPP also less affected the tissue contents of nutrients at 80 days after transplanting as compared to those at 43 days after transplanting. Elevated application rates of FSPP in PV medium increased EC and the concentrations of $NO_3,\;P_2O_5$, K, Ca, and Mg in soil solution of root media at 43 days after transplanting. The EC in PV medium at 80 days after transplanting was higher than that at 43 days after transplanting. The EC in all root media at 80 days after transplanting was not different among treatments of FSPP.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.169-178
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• 2004

Now many sustitution and false articles is used in korea instead of mudanpi. To use mudanpi correctly, we will make a quilitative certificational plan of mudanpi to investigate all of lieraturea, records and documents. And we could reach conclusions as folloews. 1. Source Source of mudanpi is cortex of Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews(Family:Ranunculaceae) in korea and china. It needs an attention to distinguish into because there is a substitute and a rank in china. 2. process We have to work before harvesting fresh roots is dry perfectly. If outer skin dried moisture a little, cut off outer skin vertically at sunny day, remove a heart and sever, immedietly dry. When working, we have to take care of because of easy discoloration with moisture. 3. Quality (1) Functional standards A diameter is large, it do not exist a heart of wood, a bark is thick and powdery. Section surface is light white color and rich odor with many light crystals. (2) Physicochemical stamdards We think that it needs to raise a contant of paeonol at all kinds of testing standards. A contant of paeonol is at least more than 2.5%. A part of wood indicate a heart of wood which has no medical effects, but is a relatively heavy part. So a standart of wood must be lowered sifnificantly less than 1.0%. It must be content of ash is less than 6.0%, Content of acid-nonsoluble ash is less than 1.0%. A fixed quantity of paeonol is more than 2.5%. Contens of heavy metal has to detect less than 30 ppm and there is no reminding agriculural medince.

• 한국패션뷰티학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.12-17
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• 2005

Efficiency study of chamomile and Thyme essential oil about the basal layer & sebaceous gland in dry-skin induced by surfactant is as following : 1. Formal observation of outer skin layer and basal layer There was refreshing effects about Surfactant induction skin inflammation in Chamomile, Thyme essential oil processing group but effect in surface layer appeared by higher thing in Chamomile essential oil and it could know that thing which do not use Thyme essential oil in case Thyme essential oil is ultraviolet rays allergy at skin care because Melanocyte appear on the surface is bigger than Chamomile essential oil that it was usefully reaction in basal layer. 2. Formal observation result of sebaceous glands. There are few damages in all group but there is recuperative through excessive water damage by excessive a sebaceous gland made of mulberry bark secretion because Thyme essential oil application group cause chapped skin phenomenon after surface-active agent processing but is seen that difference does not exist greatly and Thyme essential oil that general skin is strong in permeation is effective, but Surfactant induction skin inflammation estimates that Chamomile essential oil is effective. Therefore, it was considered that use of Chamomile essential oil is effectiveness than Thyme essential oil by essential oil used for recovery after damage of inflammation etc..

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.41-50
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• 1981

본연구(本硏究)의 목적(目的)은 현재(現在) 증량제(增量剤)로 사용(使用)하고 있는 도인소맥분(導人小麥粉)을 국내(国內)에서 값싸게 생산(生産)할 수 있는 다른 증량제(增量剤)로 대체(代替)키 위한 가능성(可能性)을 규명하는데 있다. 증량재료(増量材料)는 옥촉서간(玉蜀黍幹), 송수피(松樹皮), 소맥(小麥), 리기다송엽(松葉), 잣나무엽(葉) 및 목분말(木粉末)을 택(択)해서 $103{\pm}2^{\circ}C$에서 24시간(時間)동안 전건(全乾)시킨 다음 60~100mesh로 분쇄(粉碎)하였다. 증량방법(増量方法)에 있어서 요소수지(尿素樹脂)는 10, 20, 30, 50%로 증량(増量)하였으며 수용성석탄산수지(水溶性石炭酸樹脂)는 5, 10, 15, 20%로 증량(増量)하였다. 본연구(本硏究)에서 얻은 결론(結論)은 다음과 같이 요약(要約)할 수 있다. 1. 요소수지(尿素樹脂)에 있어서 상태접착력(常態接着力)은 소맥분(小麥粉)이 가장 양호(良好)하였다. 2. 요소수지(尿素樹脂)에 있어서 내수접착력(耐水接着力)은 10%와 20%증량(増量)의 경우 소맥분(小麥粉)보다 목분(木粉)이 더 양호(良好)하였으나 이들 사이의 유의적(有意的)인 차이(差異)는 없었다. 3. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)의 상태접착력(常態接着力)에 있어서 5%증량((増量)의 경우 잣나무엽분(葉粉)이 가장 양호(良好)하였으나 10, 15, 20% 증량((増量)의 경우는 소맥분(小麥粉)이 가장 양호(良好)하였다. 4. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)의 내수접착력(耐水接着力)에 있어서는 소맥분(小麥粉)이 가장 양호(良好)하였다. 5. 석탄산수지(石炭酸樹脂)의 상태(常態) 및 내수접착력(耐水接着力)에 있어서 15와 20%증량((増量)의 경우 옥촉서간(玉蜀黍幹)이 소맥분(小麥粉) 다음으로 양호(良好)한 결과(結果)를 나타내었다.