• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.180-184
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to develop the best methods to sterilize Moutan Root Bark which is frequently used as a herbal medicine, and known to have high susceptibility to m icrobial contamination. We used dry heat, gamma irradiation and alcohol gas treatment for sterilization, and evaluated these methods in terms of the followings; I) the efficacy of sterilization, and ii) the chemical alteration of a major component of the harbal medicines. Treatment with dry heat effectively got rid of contaminated microorganisms, and did not significantly alter the content of paeonol. However it seriously changed the color and morphology which are an essential criterion to estimate a measure of quality of medicinal herbs. Treatment with gamma irradiation showed a strong sterilizing effect, and no alteration of the content of paeonol, color and morphology. Alcohol gas treatment resulted in similar effects as those in gamma irradiation. Collectively, these results suggest that appropriate sterilizing methods to guarantee the microbial quality of this herbal medicine may be those using gamma irradiation or alcohol gas.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.79-84
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• 1990

To make clear the changes of the amount of reserve substances in the bark of stem and root of mulberry graftages after planting, studies were carried with mulberry graftages classified into three groups of 7.0-7.9mm, 9.0-9.9mm and 11.0-11.9mm in diameter of stems at 3cm above their base. The results obtained were as follow : 1. The dry weight of stem and root bark gradually decreased with growth of new shoots till about five weeks after planting, and from then it increased. 2. The duration of new shoots growth depending on the reserve substance was limited for 6-7 weeks after planting. In no fertilized group, the length of new shoots increased up to 6-7 weeks, form then decrease. 3. Dry leaf yield three weeks after planting was found to be no difference in the same diameter of saplings between with and without fertilization. 4. The content of chlorophyll in the leaves was higher in thicker group and in fertilized group than thinner and no fertilized one, respectively. 5. There was no difference in the amount of carbohydrates of the bark of stem and root among the stem diameters. There was a transient increase in the amount of total sugar in the bark of stem and root in the first three weeks after planting, followed by gradual decline up to five weeks. The amount of reducing sugar in the bark of stem and root increased both in fertilized and in no fertilized group up to three weeks after planting, and then it decreased. There was a gradual decline in the content of starch in the bark of stem and root both in fertilized and in no fertilized group up to five weeks after planting, followed by gradual increase.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.79 no.3
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• pp.316-321
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• 1990

This study was carried out to indentify the mycorrhizal development and growth stimulation of Pinus thunbergii seedlings grown on soil growth media which mixed with various amounts of pine bark. The results were follow ; 1. Seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were significantly increased in number of short roots and mycorrhizal short roots, height, maximum growth rate, and leaf area than those of no-inoculation. 2. Mycorrhizal formation according to bark contents was highest by 25% bark treatment, and decreased in 50 and 75% bark contents. 3. Within the same treatment of bark content, seedlings inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius showed more increased height and leaf, stem, and root dry weight than those of no-inoculated.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1981

In order to investigate biomass yield of one-year-old hyblrid poplars, Pripulusalba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ and Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$clones, as energy and fiber resources, dry matter yield, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter production ability, specific gravity and fiber length and width were measured. Dry matter yield was 1.89 ton/ha for Poplus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ and 3.63 ton/ha for Populus nigra via.italica x P. merximowiczii $F_1$ clones in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and in the planting density of 40,000 trees/ha was 3.87 ton/ha for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$and 5.64 ton/ha for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$ clones. Leaf area index was 1.24mtim2 in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and 2.45 m31m3 in the density of 40,000 trees/ha for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ clones and it was 1.96 m21m2 in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and 3.36 m21m2 in the density of 40,000 trees/ha for the hybrid $F_1$ Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii clones. The average specific gravity of the hybrid poplars was 0..36 when bark and pith were included and 0.31 when bark and pith were removed in the plot of 20,000 trees/ha and in the 40,000 trees/ha plot showed 0.35 and 0.31 respectively, for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$clones. It was 0.36 when bark and pith were included and 0.32 when bark and pith were removed in the 20,000 trees/ha plot and in the 40,000 trees/ha plot was 0.34 and 0.31 respectively for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$clones. The average fiber length was 0.57 mm in the 20,000 trees/ha plot and 0.58 mm in the 40,000 trees/ha plot for Poplus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$clones and was 0.60 in both plots of 20,000 trees/ha and 40,000 trees/ha for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$ clones. There is a big clonal variation among those clones studied, showing high selection potential in both species.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.158-163
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• 2015

Fustin comprised >98 and 73.0-86.7% of the total flavonoid content in the bark, and the stems and lignum of Rhus verniciflua, respectively. The butein, fisetin, and sulfuretin content varied between 0.31-2.17, 0.27-3.32, and 0.15-0.80 mg/g on a dry weight basis, respectively, in different parts of Rhus verniciflua. The urushiol content was 5.09-6.29, 55.05-56.30, and 0.38-0.39 mg/100 g on a dry weight basis in the stems, bark, and lignum, respectively. This showed that the bark of the tree had the highest urushiol content. C15:3 (pentadecatrienyl catechol), C15:1 (pentadecenyl catechol), and C15:2 (pentadecadienyl catechol) comprised 63, 33-35, and 2-3% of urushiol congeners in the tree bark, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2009

To obtain the information on antioxidant activity by harvesting parts and time in Cudrania tricuspidata Bureau, total phenolic contents, flavonoid contents, superoxide dismutase (SOD) like activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) radical scavenging activity of methanol extracts from Cudrania tricuspidata were investigated. Total phenolic contents was the highest in leaf [$30.2{\sim}38.8\;mg/g$ dry weight (DW)] and followed by root bark, stem bark, fruit, root except bark and stem except bark. Among harvesting time, total phenolic contents of leaf was the highest as $38.1{\sim}38.8\;mg/g$ DW in May and June, and then decreased to October. Root bark harvested in April and May contained $26.6{\sim}27.8\;mg/g$ DW total phenolic compounds and total phenolic content fell to a very low values at 1.8 mg/g DW in February. Flavonoid contents was very high in leaf and root bark. Especially, root bark harvested in April had the highest of flavonoid contents as 23.2 mg/g DW. As a result of simple linear regression analysis of total phenolic contents on flavonoid contents according to harvesting parts, it showed a high correlation (p < 0.001) with $0.57{\sim}0.97\;R^2$ (coefficient of determination). As $RC_{50}$ value, that was, the concentration of sample required for 50% reduction of DPPH absorbance, was $13.7{\sim}20.5\;{\mu}g/mL$ in leaf so DPPH radical scavenging activity was very high. But SOD like activity of $1,000\;{\mu}g$ extract/mL MeOH was a low value of $0.3{\sim}9.2%$ in all samples.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.77 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 1988

This study was carried out to estimate the aboveground-biomass of Machilus thunbergii, warm-temperature evergreen broad leaved tree, growing in the seashore near Bogil island located at the southern part of the Korean peninsula. The bark of M. thunbergii was used for medicine in the Korea. The results were summarized as follows : 1) The aboveground-biomass was 123.708 tons/ha and the biomass of branch bark greater than 3cm in branch diameter was 1/5 of total bark mass(8.095 tons/ha). Dry matter density was $1.77ha/m^3$ and leaf area index 8.08. 2) Net production of the stand was estimated as 16.051 tons/ha/yr and the leaf was the greatest, followed by stemwood, branchwood, stem-bark and branch-bark. 3) The net assimilation rate of the stand was 1.384 kg/kg/yr. The efficiency of leaves to produce stem was 0.451 kg/kg/yr and that of bark 0.051 kg/kg/yr. Biomass accumulation ratio was 7.707 kg/kg/yr.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.47-57
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• 2007

This study focused on the properties natural dyeing and natural material and on the development of functional material for well-being in apparel industry. Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini is used as natural dyeing material which had been reported that have curable effect for unbalanced immunity, geriatric diseases like urinary tract system, diabetes, hypertension, arthritis, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis and women's diseases like hypermenorrhea. And this material also has anti-cancer effect so that can restraint cancer cells. 3 kinds tester of cotton, wool and silk are dyed by boiled with each dye (flower, fruits, bark of tree) as first dyeing and dried in the shade. These testers are done by post-mordanting method. Aluminium Potassium(Alk(SO4)2), Cuprie Sulfate($CuSO4{\cdot}5H2O$), Stannous Chloride($SnCl2{\cdot}2H2O$), Ferrous Sulfate($FeCl2{\cdot}4H2O$), Titanium Sulfate 24% aqueous solution(Ti(SO4)2) are used as mordants. Dyeing results of Comus officinalis Siebold et Zuccarini flower and bark are shown as yellow color series. And dyeing result of fruits is pink color series. Silk shows the best dyeing property. As the point of view for dyeing property, Ti, Sn, Fe would be the properchoice for mordant. Following results are extracted in this study. Yellow color is resulted in dyeing with Cornus officinalis flower as non-mordanting condition. Yellowish red color is come from dyeing with Comus officinalis fruit as non-mordanting condition. Grayish yellow tone is resulted in dyeing with bark as non-mordanting condition. Orange tone color with Ti-mordanting, green tone color with Sn-mordanting and gray tone color with Fe-mordanting is resulted respectively. However light-fastness of Comus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is very low as 1 or 2 level in non-mordanting condition, Comus officinalis flower dyeing is turned out 3 or 4 level and fruit dyeing is 4 or 5 level, bark dyeing is 2 or 3 level with Ti-mordanting respectively. Eventually Comus officinalis fruit has the best light-colorfastness property among all of dyes. dry cleaning colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, perspiration-colorfastness of Cornus officinalis(flower, fruit, bark) is good as 4 or 5 level in Ti-mordanting condition, With these results, this study could conclude that dye-ability, colorfastness problem is getting better after mordanting process and practical usage would be possible.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.679-687
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• 2018

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) is one of the major Pinus species in Korea. Red pine bark is removed prior to the chipping process in the wood industry and discarded as waste. However, red pine bark contains a considerable amount of naturally occurring phenolics, including flavonoids, and therefore may have a variety of biological effects. In this study, we investigated if Korean red pine bark extract (KRPBE) could protect neuronal PC-12 cells from oxidative stress and inhibit cholinesterase activity. Analysis of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography results revealed four phenolics in KRPBE: vanillin, protocatechuic acid, catechin, and taxifolin. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of KRPBE were 397.9 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight (DW) and 248.7 mg catechin equivalents/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant capacities of KRPBE measured using ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays were 697.3, 521.8, and 2,627.7 mg vitamin C equivalents/g DW, respectively. KRPBE and its identified phenolics protected against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, which degrade the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to terminate neurotransmission in synaptic clefts, were inhibited by treatment with KRPBE and its identified phenolics. Taken together, these results suggest that KRPBE and its constituent antioxidative phenolics are potent neuroprotective agents that can maintain cell viability under oxidative stress and inhibit cholinesterase activity.