• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2023

Objectives: Drug holidays are suggested to reduce the formation of osteonecrosis in patients under intravenous (IV) bisphosphonates (BPs) therapy. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the incidence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) following tooth extraction in cancer patients using IV BP, and to assess the effect of drug holiday on the development of MRONJ. Patients and Methods: A manuel search of the patient folders of Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University was undertaken to identify cancer patients who used IV BPs and had at least one tooth extraction between 2012 and 2022. Patents' age, sex, systemic condition, the type of BP used, duration of BP used, number of tooth extraction, duration of drug holiday, localization of tooth extraction and incidence of MRONJ were recorded. Results: One hundred nine teeth were removed from 57 jaws in 51 patients. All tooth extractions were performed under perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis and with primary wound closure. The incidence of MRONJ was 5.3%. Stage 1 MRONJ developed in 3 patients (only one had a drug holiday). The median duration of drug holiday was 2 months. No significant difference between the patients with and without a drug holiday and MRONJ development was found (P=0.315). The mean age of patients developed MRONJ was 40.33±8.08 years. A statistically significant difference was found between age and MRONJ development (P=0.002). Conclusion: The effect of a short-term drug holiday on the development of MRONJ may be limited because BPs remain in bone tissue for a long time. Drug holidays should be applied with the approval of an oncologist with other preventive measurements.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.763-773
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the effects of a drug misuse and abuse prevention program on knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviorsrelated to drug misuse and abuse, and depression in low-income elderly women in the urban area. Method: The design of this study was a nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design. The subjects consisted of 26 in the experimental group and 23 in the control group. The program was performed for about 1 hour, once a week for 5 weeks. Data was analyzed by the SAS(ver.8.02) computer program, and it included descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and ANCOVA. Result: There were statistically significant differences in knowledge, attitude, and preventive behaviors related to drug misuse and abuse, and depression between the experimental group and the control group. Conclusion: This study showed that this prevention program of drug misuse and abuse is appropriate for low-income elderly women, Therefore this program is recommended as a nursing intervention strategy for the elderly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between nurses' knowledge of adverse drug reactions (ADR), attitudes, and monitoring practices and to establish an effective ADR reporting system and provide baseline data for its activation. Methods: The participants in this study were chosen by convenience sampling and included 182 nurses working at major general hospitals that operate a Regional Drug Safety Center. Data were collected from June 1 to 12, 2015 and analyzed using Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression with the SPSS program. Results: The nurses' average score for knowledge was 7.62 points, for attitude, 41.04 points and for monitoring practices, 34.22 points. ADR monitoring practices positively correlated with knowledge (r=.19, p=.011), attitude (r=.41, p<.001), drug performance competency (r=.54, p<.001), and drug education satisfaction (r=.54, p<.001). Drug performance competency, drug education satisfaction, and attitudes explained 42.0% of the ADR monitoring practices (Adj $R^2=.42$, F=43.95, p<.001). Conclusion: In order to facilitate and encourage nurses' voluntary monitoring practice of ADR, efforts must be made to create positive attitudes toward ADR, and to increase drug performance competency and drug education satisfaction.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.239-243
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• 2006

Due to the development of new dosage forms and the improvement or pharmaceutics, the pharmaceutical excipients have become more specified and diverse, and the reclassification on them became necessary. Also with the increasing interests on the kinds and usage amount, related provisions, and evaluation of the pharmaceutical excipients, the systemic and effective control of them was in its demand. Therefore, in this research, we provided the following information on excipients: the type, amount and specification. In order to provide the information, we investigated, analysed and summarized the excipients that are approved by KFDA and published $\ulcorner$Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients$\lrcorner$). This handbook is expected to be used as a reference in the development of the pharmaceutics and evaluation in them. As the importance of excipients in pharmaceutics are increasing, IPEC which consist of IPEC-America, IPEC-Europe and JPEC, PDG and ICH have tried to make an international harmonization on excipient. This current status was not an exception to Korea, therefore, the result of this research is expected to make a progress in the evaluation on the excipients to an advanced level.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2012

This study was to determine the inappropriate drug use in pediatric outpatients who received 2 or more prescriptions on the same day. Retrospective drug utilization reviews (DURs) were implemented to samples obtained from national health insurance claims data during December 2008 to February 2009, using 5 DUR criteria (duplication, drug-drug interaction, drug-disease interaction, drug-age contraindication, incorrect dosage) established in the Drug Information Framework (DIF)-$Korea^{TM}$, DUR program. Among 38,451 claims analyzed in the study, 74.7% had more than one conflicts in the 5 DUR modules. Among 16,472 patients analyzed, 49.6% had conflicts with duplication criteria composing of ingredient duplication (23.3%) and therapeutic class duplication (39.6%). Incorrect dosages were found in 73.6% of patients and under-dosage conflicts accounted for 59.9%, which was higher than over-dosage conflicts (38.3%). In this study, inappropriate drug prescriptions such as under-dose, pediatric contraindication and therapeutic duplication were prevalent in pediatric outpatient settings, suggesting much more awareness to the society, to prevent drug related problems in a vulnerable pediatric group.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.1-16
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• 2011

Objectives : The mechanisms for korean traditional medicine-drug interaction has not been well reviewed in spite that the chance for co-administration with western drugs or diet supplements has been increased. Especially, it is well known that various cytochrome P450s play a major role in drug-drug interaction. Of course, Korean traditional medicines is not excluded in a view of metabolism or biotransformation by cytochrome P450. This article was focused on reviewing the possible roles of cytochrome P450 in Korean traditional medicine-drug interaction, Also, the directions for further studies were suggested in terms of Korean traditional medicine-drug interaction. Methods : New studies for korean traditional medicine-drug interaction were reviewed and summarized in terms of cytochrome P450 activities by various Korean traditional medicines and western drugs. Results and Conclusions : Even if a few studies related to Korean traditional medicine-drug interactions was carried out, almost no studies for Korean traditional medicine-drug interactions has been found in a view of cytochrome P450. It was suggested that Korean traditional medicines and their decoction should be analyzed that how they effects on cytochrome P450, expecially CYP 1, 2, 3 families and how they interact with western drugs.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.29-43
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• 2013

Objectives : The aim of this study is reviewing the past legal definition and regulations, to provide basis for the future desirable direction of Korean herbal pharmaceutical industry and national herbal drug policies. Methods : We reviewed how concept of herbal medicinal preparation has been utilized and changed along with various national laws and regulations. And this study also reviewed problems related herbal medicinal preparation policies. Results : Since 1990s, especially inauguration of Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) at 1998, the concept of crude drug preparation has constantly expanded and distorted the scope of herbal medicinal preparations. This resulted in decline of herbal medicinal preparation industry. Conclusions : It means policies related herbal medicinal preparation which was driven steadily during this decade have lost their consistency. Also, it restricted the various medical options which can guarantee people's health rights.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제85권3호
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• pp.256-263
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• 2022

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is resistant to the β-lactam antibiotics due to a non-classical transpeptidase in the cell wall with β-lactamase activity. A recent study showed that meropenem combined with clavulanate, a β-lactamase inhibitor, was effective in multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB). However, in Korea, clavulanate can only be used as drugs containing amoxicillin. In this study, we investigated the susceptibility and genetic mutations of drug-resistant Mtb isolates to amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate to improve the diagnosis and treatment of drug-resistant TB patients. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate was examined by resazurin microtiter assay. We used 82 MDR and 40 XDR strains isolated in Korea and two reference laboratory strains. Mutations of drug targets blaC, blaI, ldtA, ldtB, dacB2, and crfA were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. Results: The MIC₉₀ values of amoxicillin/clavulanate and meropenem/clavulanate in drug-resistant Mtb isolates were 64/2.5 and 16/2.5 mg/L, respectively. Gene mutations related to amoxicillin/clavulanate and meropenem/clavulanate resistance could not be identified, but T448G mutation was found in the blaC gene related to β-lactam antibiotics' high susceptibility. Conclusion: Our results provide clinical consideration of β-lactams in treating drug-resistant TB and potential molecular markers of amoxicillin-clavulanate and meropenem-clavulanate susceptibility.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2006

Tamoxifen (TAM), a non-steroidal anti estrogen anticancer drug and chemopreventive agent for breast cancer, have caused cholestasis in liver. The potent hepatocarcinogenicity of this drug has been reported. Methotrexate (MTX) is dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor which interfaces with the synthesis for urine nucleotide and dTMP. And it may cause atrophy, necrosis and steatosis in liver. These two anticancer drug have well-known hepatotoxicity. So, in this study we compare the gene expression pattern of antitumor agent TAM and MTX, using the cDNA microarray. We have used 4.8 K cDNA microarray to identify hepatotoxicity-related genes in 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Confirm the pattern of gene expression, we have used Real time PCR for targeted gene. In the case of MTX, Protease related gene (Ctse, Ctsk) and Protein kinase (Pctk 1) have shown specific expression pattern. And in the case of TAM, apoptosis related gene (Pdcd 8) and signal transduction related gene (kdr) have significantly up regulated during treatment time. Gene related with growth factor, lipid synthesis, chemokins were significantly changed. From the result of this study, the information about influence of TAM and MTX to hepatoxicity will provide.

• Health Policy and Management
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.118-138
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• 1999

This study presents the variations on drug utilization for outpatients' URI, gastritis. and hypertension by the type of hospital- tertiary hospital. general hospital. hospital. clinic. It investigated drug expenses. daily drug expenses. days of medication. the highest price of the drugs used. and the number of the different drugs used for each disease and type of hospital. This study also performed analysis to see how much the variations of variables related to drug use affect the variations of drug expenses. The dependent variable was drug expenses and the independent variables were days of medication. the average price of the drugs used. and the number of the different drugs used. Analysis of the drug utilization was performed on NFMI(National Federation of Medical Insurance) 1994 medical expense claim data. Patients with secondary diseases were excluded. In this study. 379 patients with URI, 386 patients with gastritis. 1.257 patients with hypertension were included. It was founded that there were large variation on drug utilization between the types of hospital for same diseases. Days of medication were longest in tertiary hospitals and shortest in hospitals or clinics. Clinics showed the lowest daily drug expenses in all of the diseases investigated. Daily drug expenses were highest in general hospitals or hospitals. which also tended to use drugs of higher price than other types of hospital. General hospitals and hospitals had larger variations in daily drug expenses and the highest price of drugs. It suggested that drug might be utilized overly in general hospitals and hospitals and some other factors might influence on drug utilization in these hospitals. It was found that the variations of drug expenses were affected by the variations of drug price and days of medication rather than the number of the different drugs. Then the strategy to reduce the variations of drug utilization and to improve the quality of drug utilization should focus on the drug price and days of medication. Further study is needed to assess the quality as well as the variation of drug utilization and to show the factors which affect them.