• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2012

Raphanus sativus (Cruciferaceae), commonly known as radish is widely available throughout the world. From antiquity it has been used in folk medicine as a natural drug against many toxicants. The present study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of radish (Raphanus sativus) enzyme extract (REE) in vitro and in vivo test. The $IC_{50}$ values of REE in human liver derived HepG2 cells was over 5,000 ${\mu}g/ml$ in tested maximum concentration. The effect of REE to protect tacrine-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells was evaluated by MTT assay. REE showed their hepatoprotective activities on tacrine-induced cytotoxicity and the $EC_{50}$ value was 1,250 ${\mu}g/ml$. Silymarin, an antihepatotoxic agent used as a positive control exhibited 59.7% hepatoprotective activity at 100 ${\mu}g/ml$. Moreover, we tested the effect of REE on carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver toxicity in rats. REE at dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg and silymarin at dose of 50 mg/kg were orally administered to $CCl_4$-treated rats. The results showed that REE and silymarin significantly reduced the elevated levels of serum enzyme markers induced by $CCl_4$. The biochemical data were supported by evaluation with liver histopathology. These findings suggest that REE, can significantly diminish hepatic damage by toxic agent such as tacrine or $CCl_4$.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2009

Acetaminophen (AP) is widely used as an over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. AP-induced hepatotoxicity is a common consequence of AP overdose and may lead to acute liver failure. In this study, we investigated the liver damage in mice using single dose (300 mg/kg) of AP and the possible protective effects of administration (50-200 mg/kg body weight) of Joo-Juk on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in mice. The alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were determined in the plasma of mice. The effect of Joo-Juk on lipid peroxidation product thiobarbituric reacting substances (TBARS) and some antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, d-aminolevulinate dehydratase ($\sigma$-ALA-D) activities, and gluthathione peroxidase (GPx), were also evaluated in the mouse liver homogenate. AP caused liver damage as evident by statistically significant increased in plasma activities of AST and ALT. There were statistically significant losses in the activities of SOD, catalase, $\sigma$-ALA-D, and GPx and an increase in TBARS in the liver of AP-treated group compared with the control group. However, Joo-Juk was able to counteract these effects. These results suggest that Joo-juk can act as hepato-protectant against AP toxicity and is a good candidate for further evaluation as an effective chemotherapeutic agent.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2019

Objective: Adriamycin (ADR) is an important anti-cancer drug which can cause renal toxicity. Given the known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Plantago major (P. major), the aim of this study was to determine the effects of hydroalcoholic extract of P. major on ADR- induced nephropathy in rats. Methods: Fifty male Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into 5 groups including: control, ADR (5 mg/kg), ADR + P. major (600 and 1200 mg/kg) and P. major (1200 mg/kg). The animals were treated with P. major extract for 5 consecutive weeks and ADR was intravenously injected on the 7th day of the study. Urine and serum samples were collected on days 0, 14, 21, 28, and 35 for the measurement of serum cholesterol and albumin levels and urine protein excretion rate. At the end of the study, the left kidneys were removed for apoptosis assessment. Results: Administration of ADR significantly decreased serum albumin level and increased serum cholesterol and urine protein excretion rate as well as, apoptotic cell numbers compared to the control group (P < 0.001) while had no effect on glomerular filtration rate (P > 0.05). Treatment with P. major, in both 600 and 1200 mg/kg doses, increased serum albumin level and decreased serum cholesterol concentration, urine protein excretion rate and as well as the number of apoptotic cell compared to the ADR group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that the P. major extract effectively protects against ADR- induced nephropathy by reducing kidney apoptosis and improving renal functioning in rats.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.57-62
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• 2013

Objectives : Lonicerae Japonicae Flos (LJF) has been shown anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-rheumatoid properties. However, it is still largely unknown whether LJF inhibits skin injury against oxidative stress in human keratinocyte, HaCaT cells. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of LJF against hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$)-induced oxidative stress in human keratinocytes, HaCaT cells. Methods : To evaluate out the protective effects of LJF on oxidative injury in HaCaT cells, an oxidative stress model of HaCaT cells was established under a suitable concentration (500 ${\mu}M$) hydrogen peroxide. HaCaT keratinocyte cells were pre-treated with LJF (0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml), and then stimulated with $H_2O_2$. Then, the cells were harvested to measure the cell viability, DNA damage, and release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results : LJF (0.1, 0.25 or 0.5 mg/ml) itself did not show any significant toxicity in HaCaT cells. The treatment of $H_2O_2$ caused the oxidative stress, leading to the cell death, and DNA injury. However, pretreatment with LJF reduced cell death, and DNA injury. The stimulation of $H_2O_2$ on HaCaT cells resulted in excessive release of ROS, which is the main factor of oxidative stress. The excessive release of ROS was inhibited by LJF treatment significantly. Conclusions : These results could suggest that LJF exhibited the protective effects of HaCaT cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting ROS release. It could be explained that LJF inhibit skin damages against oxidative stress. Thus, LJF would be useful for the development of drug or cosmetics treating skin troubles.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.81-89
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• 2008

Objectives: In this study, the pharmacological effects of the ethylacetate extract of Ostericum koreanum(North Kangwhal; NK) on allergic inflammation were investigated in activated human mast cells. Methods: North Kangwhal was extracted with 80% methanol for 24 h, and then fractionated with ethylacetate(NK-EtOAc extract). HMC-1 cells, an human mast line, were pre-incubated with different concentrations of NK-EtOAc extract for 30 min, and then stimulated with PMA(50 nM/ml) and A23187($1{\mu}M/ml$) at indicated times. The cell toxicity was determined by MTT assay. The concentrations of prostaglandin E2(PGE2) and cytokines(TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-8) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Results: NK-EtOAc extract($10{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$) significantly inhibited the productions of $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-8 in PMA/A23187-stimulated HMC-1 cells without cell toxicity($0{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$). NK-EtOAc extract also inhibited PMA/A23187-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 MAPK and the NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 subunit translocation into the nuclear of HMC-1 cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that NK-EtOAc extract may have an anti-inflammatory property through suppressing the production of inflammatory mediators in activated mast cells and its molecular mechanism underlies the blocking of NF-${\kappa}B$ pathway.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.253-258
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• 2006

LDD175(4-choloro-7-trifluoromethyl-10H-benzo[4,5]furo[3,2-b]indole-l-carboxylic acid) is one of benzofuroindole derivatives that act as a potent $BK_{Ca}$ channel openers. In the process of testing LDD175 as a new drug candidate, an acute toxicity study was carried out in mice. The mice were administered LDD175 intraperitoneally at dose of 0.2, 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800mg/kg and orally at dose of 10, 100, 400, 800mg/kg body weight. After administering LDD175, the vital organs such as the liver, kidney and spleen were carefully observed for any significant pathological features or differences from the norm over a l4-day period. LDD175 did not induce any short-term toxicity at doses less than 100mg/kg. A $LD_{50}$ of LDD175 was 2493mg/kg in male mice and 4908mg/kg in female mice. Weight reduction was observed at a dose of 800mg/kg in male, and 400 and 800mg/kg in female. The kidney weight decreased in females after an intraperitoneal injection of LDD175 high dose(>400mg/kg, i.p.), and the spleen weight increased in the male(800mg/kg, i.p.) and female(400mg/kg, i.p.) mice. Inspite of the change in organ weights, there were neither histopathological changes nor any gross morphological abnormalities detected in any organ. LDD175 did not produce significant changes in the general behavior at doses of <200mg/kg, but decreased locomotor activity was observed at an intraperitoneal dose of 400mg/kg. Its effects on the locomotor activity and activity on the rotarod were tested and compared with the effects of diazepam 5mg/kg. The decrement in the locomotor activity and the activity on the rotarod induced by LDD175 was less serious than it by diazepam.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

Objective : In order to find antiviral compounds against Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect(CPE) inhibition assay was introduced. Methods : Fourteen purchased herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Results : Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Hyongbangpaedoksan against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 181.12. This is high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. Therefore, we assumed that the high level cytotoxic concentration of herbal medicine play a major role in improvement of antiviral activity at the first infective cell. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective index(Sl)=CC50/EC50. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HSV activity. Conclusions : The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• Mycobiology
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 2020

Androgen-independent prostate cancer accounts for mortality in the world. In this study, various extracts of a medical fungus dubbed Ganoderma formosanum were screened for inhibition of DU145 cells, an androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line. Results demonstrated that both hexane (GF-EH) and butanol (GF-EB) fraction of G. formosanum ethanol extract inhibited DU145 cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. GF-EH induced cell-cycle arrest in G1 phase of DU145 cells via downregulation of cyclin E2 protein expression. In addition, GF-EB triggered extrinsic apoptosis of DU145 cells by activating caspase 3 gene expression resulting in programed cell death. Above all, both GF-EH and GF-EB show lower toxicity to normal human fibroblast cell line compared to DU145 cell, implying that they possess specific drug action on cancer cells. This study provides a molecular basis of G. formosanum extract as a potential ingredient for treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.

• 대한한방종양학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.199-209
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• 1998

In order to find antiviral effect against Human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, publicated 29 paters on anti-viral effect of herbal medicines and a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect (CEP) inhibition assay was introduced. The major virus on experiment are HIV, Hepatitis B virus and HSV-1,2. Those of other studies showed inhibition of infected virus DNA replication and screening test of herbal medicines. More than 15 extractions were prepared by pure water boiling from herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Padoo against HIV was <4.0, Hyungbangpaedoksan against HIV was 9.3, Whangyonhaedoktang against HIV-1 and HSV-2 was 15.3. These are high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective $index(SI)=CC_{50}/EC_{50}$. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HIV and anti-HSV activity. The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2012

A novel synthetic hexapeptide (SFKLRY-$NH_2$) that displays angiogenic activity has been identified by positional scanning of a synthetic peptide combinatorial library (PS-SPCL). This study was carried out to investigate the irritation of the SFKLRY-$NH_2$ on the skin. The tests were performed on the basis of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines. In results, cell toxicity is not appeared for SFKLRY-$NH_2$ in HaCaT cells and B16F10 cells. SFKLRY-$NH_2$ induced no skin irritation at low concentration ($10{\mu}m$), mild irritation at high concentration (10mM). We consider that this result is helpful for saying about the safety of SFKLRY-$NH_2$ in clinical use.