• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.301-312
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• 2019

Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal worldwide, spreading from Africa throughout the world. It is particularly important in the semi-arid tropics due to its drought tolerance, and when cultivated in Southeast Asia commonly occurs as a second crop during the dry season. We recovered Fusarium from sorghum in Thailand and found F. proliferatum, F. thapsinum and F. verticillioides most frequently, and intermittent isolates of F. sacchari and F. beomiforme. The relatively high frequencies of F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides, suggest mycotoxin contamination, particularly fumonisins and moniliformin, should be evaluated. Genetic variation within the three commonly recovered species was characterized with vegetative compatibility, mating type, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), and female fertility. Effective population number ($N_e$) was highest for F. verticillioides and lowest for F. thapsinum with values based on mating type allele frequencies higher than those based on female fertility. Based on AFLP genetic variation, the F. thapsinum populations were the most closely related, the F. verticillioides populations were the most distantly related, and the F. proliferatum populations were in an intermediate position. The genetic variation observed could result if F. thapsinum is introduced primarily with seed, while F. proliferatum and F. verticillioides could arrive with seed or be carried over from previous crops, e.g., rice or maize, which sorghum is following. Confirmation of species transmission patterns is needed to understand the agricultural systems in which sorghum is grown in Southeast Asia, which are quite different from the systems found in Africa, Australia, India and the Americas.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.254-254
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• 2020

우리나라의 주요 식량은 쌀이기 때문에 논 경작이 매우 활발한 국가이며 국토전체면적의 약 8.27%가 논으로 구성되어 있다. 그렇기 때문에 우리나라 유역을 대상으로 수문 모델을 모의함에 있어서 유역 내 논에서의 수문학적 반응을 살펴보는 것은 정확한 유출분석을 위해 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 물리적 매개변수 기반의 물 순환 해석 모형인 CAT(Catchment Hydrologic cycle Assessment Tool)을 이용하여 충청남도 보령시에 위치한 보령댐 유역을 대상으로 일 자료기반의 유출모의를 수행하였다. CAT은 논에서의 담수심과 물꼬높이 등을 고려한 모듈을 포함하고 있기 때문에 우리나라 논에서의 유출특성을 반영한 유역 유출 모의가 가능하다. 연구기간은 2000년부터 2017년으로 총 18년의 강우, 유출 및 기상자료를 수집하여 전체 기간에 대해 모의하였다. 전체 기간 모의 결과에 대한 유출률과 토양수분을 분석하여 연속된 평년기간(2003년 - 2005년)과 연속된 가뭄년 기간(2015년 - 2017년)으로 시나리오를 구분하였으며, 각 3년 기간으로 구분된 두 가지 시나리오에 대한 논에서의 수문학적 거동 변화를 토양수분과 지하수수위를 중심으로 비교 및 분석하였다.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.398-410
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• 1982

Summer crops grown in uplands are greatly diversified and show a large variation in difference with year and location in Korea. The principal factor for the variation is weather, in which precipitation and temperature play a leading role and such a weather factors as wind, sun lights also influence production of the summer crops. Since artificial control of weather conditions as a main stress factor for crop production is almost impossible, it must be minimized only by an improvement of cultivation techniques and crop improvement. Precipitation plays a role as one of the most important factor for production of the summer crops and it is considered in two aspects, drought and excess moisture. This country, which belongs to monsoon territory, necessarily encounter one of this stress almost every year, even though the level is different. Therefore, the facilities for both drought and excess moisture are required, but actually it is not easy to complete for them. On this account, crops tolerant to drought, excess moisture and pests should be considered for establishing summer crops. For the districts damaged habitually every season, adequate crops should be cultured and appropriate method of planting, drainage and weed control should be applied diversely. Injuries by temperature is mainly attributed to lower temperature particularly in late fall and early spring, although higher temperature often causes some damages depending upon the kind of crops. Sometimes, lower temperature in summer season playa critical role for yield reduction in the summer crops. However, certain crops are prevented to some extent from this kind of stress by improving varieties tolerant to cold, hot weather or early maturing varieties. As is often the case, control of planting time or harvesting is able to be a good management for escaping the stress. Lodging, plant diseases and pests are considered as a direct or indirect damage due to weather stress, but these are characters able to be overcome by means of crop improvement and also controlled by other suitable methods. In addition, polytical supports capable of improving constitution of agriculture into modern industry is urgently required by programming of data for the damages, establishment of damage forecasting and compensation system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.143-150
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• 1993

To gain the basic informations on soil management practices by determination of the differences of soil genetic characteristics and the contents of soil moisture due to slope aspects of hilly land, this study was conducted at 1992 on sweet persimmon orchard soils derived from porphyry in southern of Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follows. The soils studied were belong to fine loamy family. The degree of soil development was greater in the north than other slope aspects and the solum thickness also the same. The soil chemical properties such as pH and exchangeable cations except for potassium were low generally in the orchards studied but the content of organic matter was lack in the summit and south aspect. The contents of Fe oxide and extractable Al were higher in the subsurface than surface. Fe, Al and clay indexes which indicate relative intensity of B horizon development were higher in the side slope than summit and the highest in the north slope. The rate of solum to B horizon was higher as about 1.5 for summit and west aspect which had thiner B horizon thickness compared to other aspect. North and west aspect had certainly more amount of soil water at drought season than other slope aspects and was lower the difference of soil water between the drought and wet seasons. Therfore, the soil management such as erosion control and irrigation at drought season should be practices differently due to slope aspect and soil chararteristics in the sloped land.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1986

The effects of soil moisture on seasonal changes of photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal resistance were studied in sorghum (Pioneer 931) and sorghum - sudangrass hybird (Pioneer 988) at Suweon in 1985. Soil moisture was maintained with approximately 100, 80, 60 and 40% of field moisture capacity in large concrete pot (12m length $\times$ 1m width $\times$ 1m depth). 1. Photosynthesis and transpiration showed a sharp seasonal changes and reacted similarly to water stress and environmental factors, and were the highest in the middle of August, and were the lowest in the beginning of October. Sorghum - sudan hybird had better photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal control than those of sorghum in hot summer season. 2. The rate of photosynthesis of 60 and 80% field moisture capacity was higher than that of 100 and 40% throughout growing season, but the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis varied seasonally by climate factors. Optimum soil moisture was 60% in early summer and fall, and was 60 - 80% in hot summer season. 3. Drought and over-moisture affected physiological metabolism of plant, and so the dry matter yield of 40 and 100% field moisture capacity decreased by 70% compared with that of 60% field moisture capacity.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.104-115
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• 1992

The rice culture techniques included 'Jodosukyungbeob'(旱稻水耕法 : culture techniques of early-ripening paddy rice), 'Mandosukyungbeob' (晩稻水耕法) : culture techniques of late-Ripening paddy rice 'Handobeob'(旱稻＆lt;山稻＆gt;法 : culture techniques of upland rice), 'Myojongbeob'(苗種法 : culture techniques of paddy rice by transplanting), 'Kunangbeob'(乾秧法 : culture techniques of rice by transplanting which rears seeding in dry paddy) and 'Sudogunpanongbeob'(水稻乾播農法 : culture techniques of paddy rice seeding in dry field). Especially, 'Kunangbeob' and 'Sudogunpanongbeob' were originally developed in Korea as seen in 1600s(Kyoungje : 經濟) and early 1800s (Yoji : 要旨). In 'Jodosukyungbeob' it took 9 days for seed dipping, water-sprouting and prevent damage by birds, each for 3 days in China, but in Korea seed dipping in water took 3 days and the rest of the procedures were flexibly established. In matured soils, practices were fall plowing right after harvest, recognition of effective tillering and additional fertilization use of human manure, and stimulation of sprouting by lime application. The unique culture techniques adequate for Korean situations were practiced, which included weed control after draining accurately for 3 to 4 times, draining at mid season for improving wind and drought tolerance, rice harvesting at appropriate time for preventing grain shattering, and seeding in rows. 'Mandosukyungbeob' was improved techniques contrast to those of China, and the major contents were selection of proper varieties, good stand establishment by seeding high rates, induction of vigorous tillers, and adoption of 'Jokjongbeob'(足種法 : seeding method by foot). Also, one of the most prominent rice cultures by our ancestors was 'Kunpanongbeob' that was systemized form habitual practice of Pyongan Province. The unique technique actualized was 'Hando [旱稻(山稻)]' culture technique which was the combinations of 'Jokjongbeob', root stimulation method, and disaster-tolerant mixture cropping with adoptation of variety theory, although it was originated from China. The transplanting techniques has come before 'Jikseol'($\ulcorner$直說$\lrcorner$) and its merits were sufficiently realized. However, this method was basically prohibited from the early Chosun dynasty because extremely bad harvest was expected under drought conditions and insufficient conditions of water storage. But, it was permitted in the areas that contained water all the times and in case of large-scale farming especially. Most of rice culture was transplanted in the end of the Chosun dynasty because transplanting was continuously spreaded in the three southern provinces of Korea. Under these circumstances, transplanting technique was improved from the early to the end of the Chosun dynasty by weed control, fertilizing, water management, and quadratic transplanting. Based on these techniques, agricultural productivity was improved 5 times by that time. 'Kunpanongbeob' was created and developed properly for Korean conditions that is dry in early season and flooding in late season. This was successively developed and established into transplanting technique of nursery seedling.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-32
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• 1977

This study has been made to find out more effective way of vegetation establishment on severely denuded forest land from the viewpoint of soil moisture regimes. Various environmental factors were measured to estimate soil moisture conditions of different sites. Soil moisture influence on growth of over vegetations, water requirement and drought resistance were analyzed. The efficiency of water use was also reckoned at different fertility levels and different soil moisture conditions. This research is composed of field experiment and green house experiment. Field experiment includes height growth, survival and coverage analysis of cover vegetations (Robinia pseudoacacia L., Lespedeza bicolor Turcz, Arundinella hirta Tanaka var. ciliare Koidzumi.) with 4 fertility level treatments on 3 slopes (Steep: $37^{\circ}$, Moderate: $25^{\circ}$, Gentle; $17^{\circ}$) during dry season (1 April-30 June) and wet season (1 July-10 September). At the same time temperature, relative humidity and precipitation were measured to understand the environmental changes. Soil moisture conditions were measured with soil moisture meter with 24 soil cells. Green house experiment comprised height, fresh weight and dry weight measurements of cover vegetations with 4 fertility levels and 3 moisture conditions for 70 days. The results extracted from experiments are as follews. 1. Cover vegtations have 3 patterns of water requirement at the early stage of growth. a) Robinia type has high water requirement and weaker drought resistance. b) Lespedeza type has low water requirement and stronger drought resistance. c) Arundinella type has moderate water requirement and weaker drought resistance. 2. The vegetations have different optimum fertility levels in different soil moisture supply condition. a) Robinia needs a low fertility level in dry condition and a high level in wet condition. b) Lespedeza needs only low fertility level in all conditions. c) Arundinella needs a low fertility level in dry condition and a high level in wet condition. 3. The efficiency of water use (Water/1g dry weight) by fertility levels is different from one another. Robinia and Arundinella have a good efficiency at low fertility level in dry condition and at high fertility level in wet condition. Lespedeza has a good efficiency at low fertility level in all conditions. 4. $P_2O_5$ requirement of Robinia and Lespedeza is high, but that of Arundinella is low. Soil moisture condition has a great influence on $P_2O_5$ absorption in dendued forest land. Once Vegetations are established on suitable sites with optimum fertitity level according to different moisture condition, even the small amount of soil water in denuded land can he used with high efficiency and the effect of fertility treatment can be maximized.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.407-418
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• 2017

Due to geographical features of being close to DPRK (Democratic People's Republic of Korea), the Imjin River basin has difficulties in hydrological observation, and is vulnerable to unexpected flood occurrence. As a countermeasure, Gunnam Flood Control Reservoir construction was planned in 2005. Despite such a structural measure, damages by DPRK's illegal release continues to occur. Futhermore the Imjin River's flow has been decreased due to the effect of continuous drought in the Korean Peninsula since 2012 and DPRK's unilateral storage of water. A new operation method is derived for the Gunnam Flood Control Reservoir in order to cope with drought damages on the Imjin River basin and to ensure efficient response time upon flooding. The operation method maintaining Gunnam Flood Control Reservoir's water level by raising from EL.23.0 m to EL.31.0 m during the flood season for securing reservoir capacity enables to secure additional $14,000,000m^3$ water compared to the existing operation methods. The operation method to store inflow by controlling release to $250m^3/s$ in the early stage of flood has increased 2.66% on average in terms of detention effect of reservoir compared to the existing operation methods. The method enables to secure 19 hours to prepare flood compared to the existing methods.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.3
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• pp.461-468
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• 2012

This study was conducted to study the seasonal changes of relative water relations parameters by pressure-volume curves of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) leaves for understanding ecological characteristics. In growing season, the osmotic potentials at full turgor (${\Psi}_o^{sat}$) and at incipient plasmolysis (${\Psi}_o^{tlp}$) decreased, while increased the maximum bulk elastic modulus of the cell wall ($E_{max}$) and relavive water content ($RWC^{tlp}$). Korean mistletoe in Quercus variabilis and Korean mistletoe in Quercus mongolica in November showed best maximum perssure potential (${\Psi}_{P,\;max}$). Pressure potential (${\Psi}_P$) and water potential (${\Psi}_L$) in Korean mistletoe in Quercus variabilis were rapidly decreased with decreasing of relative water content. The values of $RWC^{tlp}$ in November were all above 84% showing that the function of osmoregulation is somewhat better, and symplastic water content (Vo/DW) and maximum water content (Vt/DW) were variable seasonally. Thus, responses to water relations of Korean mistletoe in Quercus variabilis and Korean mistletoe in Quercus mongolica such as ${\Psi}_o^{sat},\;{\Psi}_o^{tlp},\;E_{max},\;{\Psi}_{P,\;max},\;RWC^{tlp}$ showed increaing drought tolerance with increasing of leaf aging.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.47 no.12
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• pp.1199-1212
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• 2014

This study proposes an evaluation method of water supply capacity of a dam, which uses the concept of return period by conducting bivariate frequency analysis of dam storage capacity. The proposed method was applied to the Daecheong Dam for the evaluation. Additionally, the return periods of Daecheong Dam were estimated for the representative drought events in Korea, whose results were also reviewed. Summarizing the results is as follows. First, this study evaluated several climatological factors related to the water supply capacity of dams in Korea to conduct the bivariate frequency analysis and selected the storage on May and the storage difference between June and October as variables for analysis. Second, as an evaluation result of the water supply capacity of the Daecheong Dam, it was found that the Daecheong Dam secures the water supply capacity under 20 years of return period. Finally, it was also confirmed that the proposed method in this study is valid to analyze and estimate the return period of representative drought events occurred in the Korean peninsula.