• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.51-54
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• 2003

This patient was an 53-year-old man who had undergone Sengstaken-Blackmore tube insertion for esophageal varix bleeding. Two days after Sengstaken-Blackmore tube insertion, he developed severe left hemothorax and was transferred to our hospital. The esophagoscopic findings revealed a large perforation lengthening 8-cm in the intrathoracic esophagus. A left thoracotomy was performed 33 days after the injury due to repeated varix bleedings and poor conditions. An 8-cm longitudinal perforation of the intrathoracic esophagus with gross suppurative empyema was found. Primary repair and esophageal exclusion was performed 2cm proximal and distal to the perforation, using rows of nonabsorbable staplers(TA stapler 60 $\times$ 4.8) and large bore thoracostomy tubes were placed for local drainage. Six days after intrathoracic esophageal exclusion, an esophagogram revealed a leakage at just above the proximal stapling site. A cervical esophageal exclusion was performed using the same method. One hundred thirty seven days after exclusion operation for the intra-thoracic esophageal perforation, the patient was able to eat per orally without any secondary esophageal reconstructive surgery.

• Water Engineering Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.39-48
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• 2005

The Brazos River is one of the longest rivers contained entirely in the state of Texas, flowing over 700 miles from northwest Texas to the Gulf of Mexico. Today, the Brazos River Authority and Texas Commission on Environmental Quality interest in drought protection plan, waterpower project, and allowing the appropriation of water system-wide and water right within the Brazos River Basin to meet water needs of customers like farmers and local civilians in the future. Especially, this purpose of this paper primarily intended to provide the data for the engineering guidelines and make easily geological mapping tool. In the Brazos River basin, many stream-flow gage station sites are not working, and they can not provide stream-flow data sets enough for development of the Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) for use in the evaluation of proposed and existing dams and other impounding structures. Integrated GIS-Spatial Interpolation (GIS-SI) tool are composed of two parts; (1) extended GIS technique (new making interface for hydrological regionalization parameters plus classical GIS mapping skills), (2) Spatial Interpolation technique using weighting factors from kriging method. They are obtained from the relationship among location and elevation of geological watershed and existing stream-flow datasets. GIS-SI technique is easily used to compute parameters which get drainage areas, mean daily/monthly/annual precipitation, and weighted values. Also, they are independent variables of multiple linear regressions for simulation at un gaged stream-flow sites. In this study, GIS-SI technique is applied to the Brazos river basin in Texas. By assuming the ungaged flow at the sites of Palo Pinto, Bryan and Needville, the simulated daily/monthly/annual time series are compared with observed time series. The simulated daily/monthly/annual time series are highly correlated with and well fitted to the observed times series.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.293-300
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• 2018

Ihe purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects the storage type of permeable concrete block paving (ST-PCBP) have on runoff reduction and infiltration increasement at Andong Maskdance Festival Square. This was accomplished using the NRCS-curve number method over the last 10 years. Two different scenarios were developed in this study for low impact development (LID) design. For the $1^{st}$ scenario, the walking path and parking lot were install using the ST-PCBP and runoff from the inline skating rink ($3,808m^2$) and lawn ($11,191m^2$) were routed to the ST-PCBP, but the rooftop runoff flowed into the storm water drainage system. For the $2^{nd}$ scenario, one of the non-structural BMPs, disconnected impervious surface (DIS), was applied so additional runoff from rooftop would enter the ST-PCBP. It was determined that ST-PCBP could significantly reduce surface runoff from the study area and increase infiltration with 71% and 88% of surface runoff reduction and 151% and 215% of infiltration increasement for scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. The effect of LID in the $2^{nd}$ scenario was better than the $1^{st}$ scenario, therefore DIS in conjunction with ST-PCBP could be a more cost-effective LID application.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.57-68
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• 2001

It is matter of common knowledge to give impetus to the water resources development to cope with increasing demand and supply for the water utilization project including agricultural living and industrial water owing to the economic and civilization development in recent years. Regional design rainfall is necessary or the design of the dam reservoir levee and drainage facilities for the development of various kinds of essential waters including agricultural water. For the estimation of the regional design rainfall classification of the climatologically an geographically homogeneous regions should be preceded preferentially This study was mainly conducted to derive the optimal regionalization of the precipitation data which can be classified by the climatologically and geographically homogeneous regions all over the regions except Cheju and Wulreung islands in Korea. A total of 65 rain gauges were used to regional analysis of precipitation. Annual maximum series for the consecutive durations of 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 72hr were used for various statistical analysis. Both K-means clustering and mean annual precipitation methods are used to identify homogeneous regions all over the regions. Nine and five homogeneous regions for the precipitation were classified by the K-means clustering and mean annual methods, respectively. Finally, Five homogeneous regions were established by the trial and error method with homogeneity test using statistics of $\chi$$^2$ distribution.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2006-2012
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• 2013

This case study deal with the investigation of various causes and analyses concerning the cases of the collapse of reinforced segmental retaining walls installed for newly constructing a peripheral road within the campus of ${\bigcirc}{\bigcirc}$ University located in Gyeonggi-do. As results of stability analyses and reviewing of design documents concerning collapsed reinforced segmental retaining walls, such a collapse appeared because of problems related to construction including poor-compacted backfill, the omission of the investigation on the bearing capacity, the length and space in the installation of reinforced materials, and drainage systems. Also, problems during diverse types of designing were confirmed involving the stability analysis of the entire slope stability to be considered during designing and failure in application of the proposed methods of FHWA or NCMA which are generally used for two-tier reinforced segmental retaining walls. In addition, based on these details of the stability assessment, the study proposed reinforcement solutions and construction methods for stabilizing reinforced segmental retaining walls to be reconstructed in the future.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2007

The main purpose of this study is to find the appropriate method to prevent the reduction of infiltration capacity due to sealing of soil surface. The study results indicate that installation of gravel or larger soil facilitates the drainage of infiltrated rainwater. However, considering that the infiltration capacity has been reduced since the installation, it seems that the sealing of soil surface is caused by the inflow of suspended soil into the lower sand layer. To promote the infiltration capacity by reducing the pounding of lower natural soil layer, the sand soil should be placed above the natural soil layer with shallow depth just below the larger gravel. Furthermore, the crust generated above the soil surface should be removed regularly and the sand layer above the natural soil layer should be replaced with new one so that the original infiltration capacity can be maintained properly.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2009

Purpose: The heterodigital or homodigital artery island flap is a popular method of reconstruction for finger defects. Sometimes, digital artery island flap has some disadvantages such as postoperative flap edema, congestion, and partial necrosis of the flap margin. However, we could decrease these disadvantages by means of venous superdrainage. The aim of this study is to report usefulness and postoperative results of venous supercharging digital artery island flaps for finger reconstruction. Methods: From March of 2005 to March of 2008, a total of eight patients with soft tissue defects of the finger underwent venous supercharging digital island flap transfer. Briefly, the flap is harvested along with dorsal vein that is then anastomosed to a recipient vein in an end - to - end fashion, after flap transfer and insetting. Using this technique, eight patients were operated on, ranging in age 23 to 52 years. Results: All the flaps survived with a success rate of 100 percent, thus fully satisfying the reconstructive requirements. No postoperative flap congestion was recognized, obviating the need to take any measures for venous engorgement, such as suture removal. Among 8 cases, it was possible to make an long - term and follow - up observation more than 6 months. In these cases, the fact that light touches and temperature sensations can be detected in all the flaps. Cold intolerance and hyperesthesia were not seen in our series. Conclusion: Providing good harmony with conventional methods and microsurgery, inclusion of a vein with the heterodigital and homodigital artery island flap allows a more reliable and safer reconstructive choice for finger defects. The venous supercharged island flap is a reliable flap with a consistent arterial structure, and with its augmented venous drainage, it is more reliable, providing single - stage reconstruction of adjacent finger defects, including the fingertip.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.621-626
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• 2013

Background Ever since lipoabdominoplasty was first developed to achieve better aesthetic outcomes and less morbidity, the rate of seroma formation, especially in obese patients, has disturbed plastic surgeons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fibrin sealant in the prevention of seroma formation after lipoabdominoplasty in obese patients. Methods Sixty patients with a body mass index (BMI) between 30 and 39.9 were assigned randomly to 1 of 2 groups (30 patients each). Group A underwent lipoabdominoplasty with fibrin glue, while group B underwent traditional lipoabdominoplasty; both had closed suction drainage applied to the abdomen. The patients' demographics and postoperative complications were recorded. Seroma was detected using abdominal ultrasound examinations at two postoperative periods: between postoperative days 10 and 12 and, between postoperative days 18 and 21. Results The age range was 31 to 55 years ($38.5{\pm}9.5$ years) in group A and 25 to 58 years ($37.8{\pm}9.1$ years) in group B, while the mean BMI was 31.4 to 39.9 $kg/m^2$ (32.6 $kg/m^2$) in group A and 32.7 to 37.4 $kg/m^2$ (31.5 $kg/m^2$) in group B. In group A, the patients had a complication rate of 10% in group A versus 43% in group B (P<0.05). The incidence of seroma formation was 3% in the fibrin glue group but 37% in the lipoabdominoplasty-alone group (P<0.05). Conclusions Lipoabdominoplasty with the use of autologous fibrin sealant is a very effective method that significantly reduces the rate of postoperative seroma.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.522-529
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• 2009

To supply safe drinking water to areas lacking in water supply and drainage system, such as rural area and military bases in proximity to Demilitarized Zone, effective method for treating organic contaminants such as MTBE is required. This study focuses on seeking optimal conditions for effective degradation of MTBE using a bath type ultrasound reactor. Effectiveness of MTBE degradation by ultrasound is dependent on the frequency, power, temperature, treatment volume, initial concentration, catalyst, etc. In this study the degradation rate of MTBE by ultrasound was proportional to power/unit volume ratio and removal is relatively more efficient for 0.1 mM than for 1 mM of MTBE solution. Efficiency of ultrasound treatment for 1 mM MTBE solution was enhanced under bath temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ compared to $4^{\circ}C$, but the temperature effect was negligible for 0.1 mM MTBE solution. Also for 0.1 mM MTBE solution, effect of catalyst such as $TiO_2$ and $Fe^0$ on treatment speed was negligible, and zeolite even increases the time taken for the degradation. Under these specific experimental conditions of this study, the most determinant factor for degradation rate of MTBE in solution was frequency and power of ultrasound. The results have shown that a continuous ultrasound reactor system can be used for small scale remediation of organically polluted groundwater, under optimal conditions.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 2015

Acid mine drainage occurrence is a serious environmental problem by mining industry, it usually contains high levels of metal ions, such as iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and manganese, as well as metalloids of which arsenic is generally of the greatest concern. An indigenous plant extract was used to produce calcium carbonate from Canavalia ensiformis as effective biomaterial, and its ability to form the calcium carbonate under stable conditions was compared to that of purified urease. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were employed to elucidate the mechanism of calcium carbonate formation from the crude plant extracts. The results revealed that urease in the plant extracts catalyzed the hydrolysis of urea in liquid state cultures and decreased heavy metal amounts in the contaminated soil. The heavy metal amounts were decreased in the leachate from the treated mine soil; 31.7% of As, 65.8% of Mn, 50.6% of Zn, 51.6% of Pb, 45.1% of Cr, and 49.7% of Cu, respectively. The procedure described herein is a simple and beneficial method of calcium carbonate biomineralization without cultivation of microorganisms or further purification of crude extracts. This study suggests that crude plant extracts of Canavalia ensiformis have the potential to be used in place of purified forms of the enzyme during remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.