• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.415-428
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• 2002

Periodontal disease is a complex infectious disease caused by bacteria in the oral mucosa, which results in gingival inflammation, breakdown of periodontal tissues, bone resorption, and finally tooth loss. Mechanical plaque control methods-scaling and root planing are effective methods to stop the progression of such periodontal disease. It was reported that subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline(SDD) regimen could improve clinical conditions of periodontal tissues without causing the overgrowth of opportunistic organisms that was a typical antibiotic side effect. Therefore pharmacological therapy, used in conjunction with mechanical therapy could be considered a useful treatment modality in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. In this study, 30 patients diagnosed as moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis were divided into 2 groups. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the patients were administered 20mg doxycycline capsule or placebo capsule b.i.d. for 4months, after scaling and root planing. Clinical parameters-bleeding on probing, pocket depth and clinical attachment level were compared and evaluated between these groups at periods of first visit, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months. The results were as follows ; 1. In case of moderate periodontitis, pocket depth showed significant reduction after treatment in both the control & experiment groups, when compared with the baseline values(p<0.01), but in case of advanced periodontitis, only the experiment group showed significant reduction after treatment when compared with the baseline values(p<0.05). Statistically significant reduction in pocket depth was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group(p<0.05). 2. In case of moderate periodontitis, clinical attachment level showed significant reduction after treatment in both the control & experiment groups, when compared with the baseline values(p<0.01), but in case of advanced periodontitis, only the experiment group showed significant reduction after treatment when compared with the baseline values(p<0.05). Statistically significant reduction in clinical attachment level was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group(p<0.05). 3. Bleeding on probing improved after treatment in both the groups. In case of moderate periodontitis, the experiment group showed statistically significant reduction of bleeding on probing when compared with the control group at 1 and 4 months after treatment(p<0.05). In case of advanced periodontitis, treatment resulted in statistically significant reduction of bleeding on probing in both the groups(p<0.05). These results indicate that the use of subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline is a useful supplement to mechanical treatment for periodontal patients in ameliorating the clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket, attachment level, and bleeding on probing.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.89-99
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• 2014

The determination of the solar and thermal performance of fenestration is required for the evaluation of fenestration energy performance, estimating building load. Presently, there exist several methods for determining the thermal transmission(U-value) and solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of fenestration system. These method are commonly grouped under calculation or experimental methods. While U-value testing and calculation methods have been long established, SHGC has been evaluated only by the method of calculation under the lack of any established testing method. However, it is difficult to assess the exact SHGC for various types of fenestration with sun-shading or other solar control systems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of interior venetian blind and roll screen on the SHGC of glazing system. SHGC has been evaluated by the KS L 9107 test method and exiting calculation method for precise comparison of the energy performances of various shading devices. In this research, the test sample consists of three different types of double glazing unit with venetian blind and roll screen. Slat angles of venetian blind were changed to $-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$, and$-45^{\circ}$. For the roll screen, measurements were taken with the roll screen in the closed position. In result, the venetian blind reduced SHGC by 21.2~28.4% at $45^{\circ}$, when compared to the double glazing unit. The roll screen reduced SHGC by 34.4~41.7% at closed. The differences between the measured and calculated SHGC were found to range between 0.001(0.2%) and 0.047(11.1%) for all test cases. For the cases of venetian blind $-45^{\circ}$, $0^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$, the deviation ratio were 3.6~9.8%, 1.1~2.6%, 4.2~11.1%, respectively. For the case of roll screen, the deviation ratio were 4.1~5.7%.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2006

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the effect of oral Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen CBS 5926 therapy (Saccharomyces boulardii) on gastrointestinal symptoms and nutrition in gastrectomized patients. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients who underwent a gastrectomy due to early gastric cancer were randomly divided into case and control (placebo) groups and were given medicine or placebos for 12 weeks. The gastrointestinal symptom rating and the nutritional status were evaluated by using double blind methods at 4, 16, and 20 weeks after discharge. Results: The ratio of males to females was 2.3 : 1, and the mean age was $56.3{\pm}10.2$ years. The numbers of subtotal gastrectomies and total gastrectomies were 69 and 21, respectively. Fourteen (15.6%) patients dropped, of whom 5 belonged to the case group. Of the remaining 76 patients, those in the case group had higher levels of serum albumin (P=0.046). For patients who underwent subtotal gastrectomy (n=57), the case group had higher level of serum albumin (P=0.049). Conclusion: This double blind study showed that oral Saccharomyces boulardii therapy could improve the postoperative nutrition of gastrectomized patients because gastrectomized patients with oral Saccharomyces boulardii therapy had higher levels of serum albumin than the control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2006

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary fiber supplementation with snack type on functional constipation. We conducted a double blind case-control study with 3 groups; placebo, low dose group (LD: insoluble fiber 7 g/d + soluble fiber 1.2 g/d) and high dose group (HD: insoluble fiber 14 g/d + soluble fiber 2.4 g/d) , which were randomly assigned out of subjects with functional constipation, defined by modified Rome II criteria. We measured anthropometric parameters and evaluated the bowel movement frequency, stool type, straining, sense of complete evacuation, abdominal discomfort/pain, abdominal inflation, relief and colon transit time before, during the supplementation. Both LD and HD groups had significant improvement in straining, sense of complete evacuation and satisfactory relief compared with placebo group (p < 0.05). When subdivide by baseline colon transit time (less than 24 hrs/ 24 hrs or more and less than 72 hrs / 72 hrs or more), only HD group had significantly improvement; colon transit time recovered near by 24 hrs in subjects of 'less than 24 hrs' (from $7.57{\pm}1.40$ hrs to $25.2{\pm}3.91$ hrs, p < 0.01) and reduced in those of '24hr or more and less than 72 hr' (from $47.0{\pm}3.36$ hrs to $31.3{\pm}4.31$ hrs, p < 0.01) and '72 hr or more' (from $106.7{\pm}10.7$ hrs to $85.0{\pm}13.1$ hrs, P < 0.05) subjects. Particularly, positive effect of fiber supplementation on straining and sense of complete evacuation in test groups seemed to be greater in subjects of '24 hrs or less' and '24 hrs or more and less' than 72 hrs' than those of '72 hrs or more'. In conclusion, subjects with functional constipation, particularly those having colon transit time less than 72 hrs can significantly improve, at least in part, symptom related to constipation by fiber supplementation of snack type without serious side effects.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.137-140
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• 2011

Background: Although early reviews of clinical findings were mostly negative, there is still a widespread belief for the efficacy of preemptive analgesia among clinicians. In this study, we evaluated whether the preemptive use of ketamine decreases post operative pain in patients undergoing appendectomy. Methods: In double-blind, randomized clinical trials, 80 adult male patients undergoing an operation for acute appendicitis were studied. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups. In the operating room, patients in the ketamine group received 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine IV 10 minutes before the surgical incision. In the control group, 0.5 mg/kg of normal saline was injected. The pain intensity was assessed at time 0 (immediately after arousal) and 4, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively using the 10 points visual analogue scale (VAS). Results: Eighty patients (40 for both groups) were enrolled in this study. For all of the evaluated times, the VAS score was significantly lower in the ketamine group compared to the control. The interval time for the first analgesic request was $23.1{\pm}6.7$ minutes for the case group and $18.1{\pm}7.3$ minutes for the control (P = 0.02). The total number of pethidine injections in the first 24 hours postoperatively was $0.6{\pm}0.6$ for the case group and $2.0{\pm}0.8$ for the controls (P = 0.032). There were no drug side effects for the case group. Conclusions: A low dose of intravenously administered ketamine had a preemptive effect in reducing pain after appendectomy.

• Journal of Korea Association of Health Promotion
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.28-38
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• 2006

Background : Phentermine classified by "sympathomimmetic amie", is a stimulant of sympatheic tone But there has been no concrete study which presents the influence of phentermine on autonomic nervous system. Analysis of Heart rate variability is reliable, non-invasive and very useful for evaluating function of autonomic nervous system. We tried to elucidate the influence of phentermine on autonomic nervovs system by heart rate variability. MethodsAmong the 70 candidates who participated in the double-blind case control study whichwas designed in purpose of approving whether- Adipekⓓ is effective for treatment of obesity, 45persons were folled up. From April, 2005 to May 2005, HRV of the candidates who takes phentermine or placebo for 1month, was recorded using BFM-5000ⓓ(medi-core) for 5 minutes in resting state. HRV measures were assessed by time-domain and by frequency- domain analysis. Time domain parameters contain SDNN(Standard Deviation of NN intervals) and RMSSD(Root-Mean-Square of Successive Differences), etc and frequency domain Parameters contain Total Power(TP), Low frequency(LF'0.04-0.15Hz) power. High Frequency(HF:0.15-0.4Hz) power and LF/HF ratio etc. Results: Intakes of phentermine reduce HRV significant1y. SDNN & RMSSD, the main tine domain parameters of HRV, were decreased significantly(P=0.007. 0.016). PSI(Physical Stress Index of Pressure Index) was increase significantly(P=0.002)The main frequency domain parameters(TP, LF & VLF), also decreased significantly. (P=0.024,0.033, 0.015)Conclusion: The result showed that intakes of phentermine reduce heart rate variability and influence on most parameters of HRV. So phentermine not only accelerates sympathetic tone, but also inhibit the balance and function of autonomic nervous system.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2009

This study aims to find out the effect of ingestion of 3 mg·kg^-1 caffeine on fluid-electrolyte balance and Tty change during exercise under heat environment of 30~32℃ (40-50% humidity). Five trained males who routinely trained for approximately 60 min·d^-1, 3-6 d·wk^-1 (age; 28.20±3.56yrs, height; 174.56±5.46 cm, body mass; 76.13±9.02 kg, body fat(%); 14.24±3.99, VO₂max; 54.00±4.30 mL·kg^-1·min^-1, exercise career; 4.20±1.95yrs) performed 40min of treadmill running in heat chamber. The study was a double-blind, randomized, crossover design. Body mass change following exercise was higher for the PLAC (Placebo) and CAFF (Caffeine) in comparison to the CON (Control), there was no significant difference between the CAFF, PLAC, CON (p= .997). The U_sg not significant differences (p= .731) and Osm_urine not significant differences between the CAFF, PLAC, CON (p= .901). There also were not significant between the CAFF, PLAC, CON for [Na⁺]_urine and [K⁺]_urine (p= .928, p= .469). In the case of Tty, although the increase rate of Tty was the highest for the CAFF on exercise early, exercise the second half in comparison to the CON and PLAC, there was not significant interaction effect between the CAFF, PLAC, and CON of Tty (p= .067), In conclusion, it was confirmed that the 3 mg·kg^-1 caffeine ingestion prior to exercising in heat environment does not impart negative effect on body fluid, electrolyte balance and changes in Tty.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.174-180
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• 2002

Purpose: Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is known to decrease hepatic injury by promoting the biliary secretion of retained toxic endogenous bile acids in hepatobiliary diseases complicated by total parenteral nutrition (TPN). However, most studies have focused on treatment for complications after TPN. We investigated the preventive role of early administration of UDCA in TPN-induced hepatobiliary complications by a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Methods: Between May 2000 and May 2002, thirteen patients, who were given TPN more than 10 days in the hospital, were assigned randomly to two groups. One was the case group (7 patients) who were given UDCA simultaneously with TPN regimen, and the other, the control group (6 patients) who were given placebo. Their age ranged from 1 day to 13 years. They were affected with diseases impossible for enteral nutrition, such as prematurity, cerebral palsy, chronic diarrhea, anorexia nervosa, pancreatitis, and cyclic vomiting. The duration of TPN ranged from 10 to 70 days. Hematologic parameters including liver function test were measured at regular intervals, and the duration, composition, administration rate, total calorie of TPN were recorded. The serum levels of total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase were compared between groups after cessation of the study. Results: The autoregressive coefficient of the control group was 0.4419 (p=0.0651) in bilirubin, -0.0431 (p=0.7923) in AST, 0.2398 (p=0.2416) in ALT, and 0.2459 (p=0.1922) in alkaline phosphatase by mixed procedure model when the parameters were referred to the case group. Conclusion: The serum level of total bilirubin did not increase in comparison with that of the control group, but statistically insignificant, when both TPN and UDCA were administered simultaneously from the beginning.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of postoperative pain control by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV) to the effectiveness of postoperative pain control by continuous intra-lesional infusion of local anesthetics (IL) with or without an interscalene brachial plexus block (ISB) after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Materials and Methods: We designed this prospective randomized case-controlled double-blind study, and allocated 84 consecutive patients to four groups according to postoperative analgesic method, i.e., Group IV, Group ISBIV, Group IL, and Group ISB-IL after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Postoperative pain, side effects and supplemental analgesics were recorded at 1 hour and then at every 8 hours for 2 days. Result: The demographic and clinical characteristics of four groups were identical statistically. Interscalene block (Group ISB-IV, Group ISB-IL) was found to be effective at relieving pain and at reducing supplemental analgesic amounts at 1 and 8 hours postoperatively (p<0.05). Patients in the Group ISB-IL had less pain at 16 and 48 hours postoperatively than the other groups (p<0.05). Continuous intra-lesional infusion (Group IL, Group ISB-IL) was superior in reducing analgesic-related side effects (p<0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that a combination of an interscalene brachial plexus block and continuous intralesional infusion of ropivacaine is an effective and safe method of postoperative pain control in patients after arthroscopic shoulder surgery.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2020

Background: This research evaluated the numbness produced by lignocaine at an equal or higher concentration than that of 4% articaine through a single point of injection for maxillary third molar surgery. This randomized double-blind study was conducted to compare the anesthetic efficiency of 4% lignocaine with that of 4% articaine in impacted maxillary third molar surgery using a single buccal infiltration alone. Methods: The study participants were 30 healthy patients requiring the bilateral surgical removal of symmetrically-positioned maxillary third molars. Using a split-mouth design, each patient randomly received buccal infiltration of 1.7 ml of 4% lignocaine and 1.7 ml of 4% articaine during two separate appointments. After 15 minutes of anesthetic injection, surgery was performed by the same surgeon using a consistent technique on both sides. Pinprick test pain scores of the buccal and palatal gingiva of the maxillary third molar after 10 minutes and 15 minutes latencies, pain scores during the surgery, the need for supplemental anesthesia, and patients' satisfaction with anesthetic efficiency were recorded. Surgery performed without supplemental anesthesia was categorized as successful. Results: The success rates of 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine (83.34% vs. 86.67%, P = 1.00) were not significantly different. Only 5 cases (4 cases in the articaine group and 1 case in the lignocaine group) reported mild pain and pressure sensation (NRS ≤ 1) on probing at the palatal side after 15 minutes of latency (P = 0.25). The pain scores of maxillary third molar surgery in the two groups were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Moreover, the statistical analysis confirmed the comparable patient satisfaction of two study groups (P = 0.284). Conclusion: This study provides evidence that single buccal infiltrations of 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine have comparable anesthetic efficacy and success rates for impacted maxillary third molar surgery. Both 4% lignocaine and 4% articaine can produce effective palatal anesthesia and pain control using buccal infiltration alone after 15 minutes of latency.