• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.131-136
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• 1989

This study was attempted to investigate the dissolution rate and the bioavailability after oral administration of commercially available aspirin tablets in normal volunteers. The dissolution test was conducted in artificial gastric juice using basket method with three aspirin preparations (A, B and C) which were chemically equivalent. The results were as follows; The dissolution rate was higher in the order of three different brand B>A >C. Area under the blood concentration and peak blood concentration were larger in the order of brand A>B>C. Absorption rate constant and peak time were larger in the order of brand B>A>C, and there was a little difference in elimination rate constant and biological half-life. The correlation of the dissolution rate and absorption rate constant, as well as correlation of the dissolution rate and peak time showed significant linear relationship respectively. From the results of this experiment, it can be concluded that the bioavailability of aspirin tablets showed much difference according to commercial preparations, and that the bioavailability of aspirin tablets in human may be predicted from the results of dissolution rate studies.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.177-186
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• 1985

Effect of food on the absorption characteristics of oral rifampicin was studied in the fasted rats. Rifampicin dissolved in a new cosolvent was also injected to the rats intravenously, and the pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explain the effect of food on the gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin. Rifampicin was absorbed rapidly and completely in the fasting state. Food had a profound effect on the gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, i. e., bioavailability and the extent of absorption were decreased to less than one-third of the fasting state in the postprandial state. Food seemed to imhibit the absorption and reabsorption of rifampicin in the gastrointestinal tract, but not the absorption rate constant. Hepatobiliary excretion seemed to be the major route of elimination, since the renal clearance accounted for only 8 % of the systemic clearance. Nevertheless, first-pass effect was negligibly small and most of rifampicin absorbed could reach systemic circulation. Serum concentration change of oral rifampicin on multiple dosing differed markedly in the fasting and postprandial state, which suggested the need of careful adjustment of dosage regimen in both states.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.395-404
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• 2022

Hydroxyzine is one of the most popular oral sedatives used in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the safety and possible side effects of sedation using hydroxyzine in pediatric dentistry. "Hydroxyzine," "Dental sedation," "Child," and "Safety" and their associated synonyms were searched using the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, KISS, KMBASE, and KoreaMed databases. Academic information and portals of DBpia and RISS were also perused. Altogether, 340 papers were found, among which a total of 24 papers were selected according to the detailed criteria. Nine studies used hydroxyzine as monotherapy, and 10 studies compared its safety when hydroxyzine used as multitherapy. In addition, seven studies employed a drug regimen wherein hydroxyzine was one of the components. All these studies revealed that the adverse events specific to hydroxyzine usage were drowsiness and dryness of the mouth, and that there were respiratory complications due to a synergistic reaction of hydroxyzine. Although classified as a histamine blocker, hydroxyzine with its sedative, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and anticholinergic properties is an oral sedative available without serious adverse events, If the proper dosage of the drug is used and its synergistic effects with other drugs are ascertained in the route of administration.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.973-977
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• 2002

The pharmacokinetic of paclitaxel (1 mg/kg, i.v.) was investigated in rabbits with carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of paclitaxel was significantly (p<0.01) increased in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($1364.54{\pm}382.07$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr) compared to that of normal rabbits ($567.52{\pm}141.88$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($803.1{\pm}208.81$ ng/ml$\cdot$hr). The volume of distribution (Vd) (6.25$\pm$1.56 L) and the elimination rate constant($\beta$) ($0.09{\pm}0.025{\;}hr^{-1}$) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits were significantly (p<0.05) decreased compared to those of normal rabbits ($11.65<{\pm}2.91$L, $0.12{\pm}0.030{\;}hr^{-1}$), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($9.46{\pm}2.37$ L, $0.10{\pm}0.026{\;}hr^{-1}$). Total body clearance ($CL_t$) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($0.733{\pm}0.183$ L/hr/kg) was significantly (p<0.01) decreased compared to that of normal rabbits ($1.762{\pm}0.440$ L/hr/kg), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($1.245{\pm}0.311$ L/hr/kg). The half-life(t1/2) of paclitaxel in severe carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($7.71{\pm}2.16$ hr) was significantly (p<0.05) increased compared to that of normal rabbits ($5.75{\pm}1.44$hr), but not significantly in moderate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic failure rabbits ($6.77{\pm}1.76$hr). This results could be due to inhibition of paclitaxel metabolism in liver disorder rabbits since paclitaxel is essentially metabolized in liver. The findings suggest that the dosage regimen of paclitaxel should be adjusted when the drug would be administered in patients with liver disorder in a clinical situation.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.226-232
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• 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atrovasatatin on the pharmacokinetics of nicardipine after oral and intravenous administration of nicardipine to rats. Nicardipine was administered orally (12 mg/kg) or intravenously (i.v., 4 mg/kg) without or with oral administration of atrovasatatin (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) to rats. The effect of atorvastatin on the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) as well as CYP3A4 activity was also evaluated. Atorvastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner with 50% inhibition concentration ($IC_{50}$) of 48 ${\mu}M$. Compared to the controls (nicardipine alone), the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of nicardipine was significantly (1.0 mg/kg, p<0.05) greater by 16.8-45.4%, and the peak plasma concentration ($C_{max}$) was significantly (1.0 mg/kg, p<0.05) higher by 28.0% after oral administration of nicardipine with atorvastatin, respectively. Consequently, the relative bioavailability (R.B.) of nicardipine was increased by 1.17- to 1.45-fold and the absolute bioavailability (A.B.) of nicardipine with atrovasatatin was significantly greater by 16.7-20.9% compared to that of the controls (14.3%). Compared to the i.v. control, atrovasatatin did not significantly change pharmacokinetic parameters of i.v. administration nicardipine. The enhanced oral bioavailability of nicardipine by atorvastatin suggests that CYP3A subfamily-mediated metabolism were inhibited in the intestine and/or in the liver rather than P-gp-mediated efflux of nicardipine. Based on these results, modification of nicardipine of dosage regimen is required in the patients. Human studies are required to prove the above hypothesis.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 2006

1. Objectives Nursing's meaning in Oriental medicine is prevention of disease more than treatment. The parts of defination are methods of non-medicine precisely, care of health and recuperation. 2. Methods This paper was written in order to understand of ${\ulcorner}$Dongyi Suse Bowon${\lrcorner}$ written in 1894(Old Edition} through the study to focus on the Sasang Constitutional nursing theory. 3. Results & Conclusions (1) Dialectic of Sasang Constitutional nursing are necessary to assesment about four fundamental factors (perspira­tion, defecation, digestion, urination). (2) Medicational guidance are different from character, dosage of medication, degree of disease, a poisonous drug etc. (3) Preservation of health are medication and food regimen. If 'Inherent vitality' is in a disadvantageous position, recuperation is first more than medication. The most important is protectional management. There are necessary about mind of 'liquor-sex- property-authority' & 'joy-anger- sorrow-pleasure'. It is the same application as nursing.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.1185-1193
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• 2007

Ginsing polysaccharide, known to have an immune regulating effect, was administered to 23 randomly selected healthy male subjects with a mean age of 23 years in accordance with an IRB approval. Then, these subjects underwent physico-chemical tests and serum proteome was analyzed from the blood sample taken from these subjects. Analyses of proteome involved image analysis, protein sections and protein identification in sequence after two-dimensional electrophoresis was carried out. During the physico-chemical test, 4 subjects were excluded from the study. In the proteome analysis, identified were 5 spots such as SP40, 40, Cytokeratin 9, hypothetical protein LOC544932, Apolipoprotein E ,similar to Human albumin, which showed differences in the amount of protein expression. In conclusion, changes of 5 proteins were remarkable before and after administration of ginsing polysaccharides. In certain cases, hepatic and renal slight injury occurred. Thus, further clinical study on dosage regimen would be necessary for securing the basis for concentration-dependent effectiveness and safety.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.3 s.150
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• pp.245-253
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• 2007

Artemisia princeps PAMPANINI has been used in traditional medicine of the treatment of inflammatory, liver dysfunction and order disorder in the far east countries including Korea. The present study was carried out to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of ethanol extract of Artemisia princeps (AP) and its fermented agents (AP-F) by lactic acid bacteria derived from human intestinal bacteria on liver injured rat induced by $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine. Hepatoprotective activity was monitored by estimating serum ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione redeuctase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activities in the liver injured by hepatotoxin. Pretreating rats with AP or AP-F at the same dosage regimen significantly suppressed the acute elevation of serum transaminase, ALP, LDH and GR activities, and significantly increased the lowering of blood SOD and GR activites induced by hepatoxin. Based on these findings, it is presumed that AP and APF may have the hepatoprotective effect on $CCl_4$ and d-galactosamine-induced hepatotoxicity rat.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.7-13
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• 1996

The purposes of this study were to define the pharmacokinetic parameters of vancomycin in Korean neonates, to evaluate current neonatal vancomycin dosing guideline being used in a teaching hospital, and to develop the optimal vancomycin dosing guideline. The evaluation of 35 sets of peak and trough concentrations drawn on current dosing regimen showed that $29\%$ of peak concentrations and $46\%$ of though concentrations were within therapeutic range. Otherwise, pharmacokinetic parameters, based on 62 sets of peak and trough serum concentrations obtained from 39 neonates, showed that mean vancomycin clearance (CL), volume of distribution (Vd), and terminal elimination half-life were $0.13\pm0.08\;L/hr,\;0.94\pm0.48\;L,\;and\;5.6\pm2.13$ hours, respectively. Volume of distribution (Vd) normalized for body weight remained constant throughout PCA range, whereas the absolute CL (r=0.74) and normalized CL (r=0.36) showed high correlation with PCA. Also, the normalized CL showed a strong inverse correlation (r=-0.55) with serum creatinine concentrations (SrCr). Based on the high correlation among PCA serum creatinine concentration, CL, and the daily dosage requirements, the following dosing guideline for vancomycin in neonates was suggested: 10 mg/kg $12{\sim}18$ hourly for < 30 weeks PCA and < 0.6 mg/dl SrCr; 10 mg/kg 18 hourly for < 30 weeks PCA and $0.6{\sim}1.2$ mg/dl SrCr; 10 mg/kg 8 hourly for $30\sim44$ weeks PCA and < 0.6 mg/dl SrCr; 10 mg/kg 12 hourly for $30\sim44$ weeks PCA and $0.6{\sim}1.2$ mg/dl SrCr.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.24-29
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• 2018

Background: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent used to treat and prevent graft versus host reaction (GVHR)-a complication associated with stem cell transplantation. This study aimed to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine and investigate factors affecting cyclosporine clearance in pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Methods: A total of 650 cyclosporine concentrations recorded in 65 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were used. Data including age, sex, weight, height, body surface area (BSA), type of disease, chemotherapy before stem cell transplantation, type of donor, serum creatinine levels, total bilirubin concentration, hematocrit value, and type of concomitant anti-fungal agents and methylprednisolone used were retrospectively collected. Data related to cyclosporine dosage, administration time, and blood concentration were also collected. All data were analyzed using the non-linear mixed effect model; a two-compartment model with first-order elimination was used. Results: The population pharmacokinetic model of cyclosporine using the NONMEM program was as follows: $CL(L/h)=5.9{\times}(BSA/1.2)^{0.9}$, V2 (L) = 54.5, Q (L/h) = 3.5, V3 (L) = 1080.0, $k_a(h^{-1})=0.000377$. BSA was selected as a covariate of cyclosporine clearance, which increased with an increase in BSA. Conclusion: A population pharmacokinetic model for Korean pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients was developed, and the important factor affecting cyclosporine clearance was found to be BSA. The model might contribute to the development of the most appropriate dosing regimen for cyclosporine. Further studies on population pharmacokinetics should be carried out, prospectively targeting pediatric patients.