• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.252-260
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• 2014

This study discussed the consumption and purchase behaviors of wine by hotel F&B employees based on cluster analysis. Consumption behavior was separated into two categories: place and frequency of drinking. Purchase behavior was divided into two as well: place and price of purchasing. In general, consumption behavior was more influenced by drinking place rather than price, with a wine bar being the most preferred place to drink. Further, purchase behavior was more dependent on the price than place, specifically mid-range priced wine. When selecting wine, "taste" was the most important quality considered for both consumption and purchase behaviors, followed by "price". In addition, "vintage" and "country/winery" were also considered important for consumption behavior. There was no further significant difference among selection attributes for wine quality in terms of purchase behavior. Overall satisfaction after wine consumption was 3.73. Frequency of drinking had a greater impact on overall satisfaction than drinking place. Overall satisfaction after wine purchasing was 3.72, and satisfaction level was greater when a wine was purchased at a wine bar rather than a general bar. With respect to country of origin, France, USA, Chile and Argentina wines all showed even variation among selection attributes for wine quality. However, Italian wine displayed a below average score under "vintage" and "bottle design", whereas Spanish wine did so under "brand". Lastly, Australian wine displayed the lowest scores for all selection attributes.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.387-394
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• 2014

PURPOSE. Topographic analysis of treated ceramics provides qualitative information regarding the surface texture affecting the micromechanical retention and locking of resin-ceramics. This study aims to compare the surface microstructure following different surface treatments of feldspathic porcelain. MATERIALS AND METHODS. This in-vitro study was conducted on 72 porcelain discs randomly divided into 12 groups (n=6). In 9 groups, feldspathic surfaces were subjected to sandblasting at 2, 3 or 4 bar pressure for 5, 10 or 15 seconds with $50{\mu}m$ alumina particles at a 5 mm distance. In group 10, 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (HF) gel was applied for 120 seconds. In group 11, specimens were sandblasted at 3 bar pressure for 10 seconds and then conditioned with HF. In group 12, specimens were first treated with HF and then sandblasted at 3 bar pressure for 10 seconds. All specimens were then evaluated under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at different magnifications. RESULTS. SEM images of HF treated specimens revealed deep porosities of variable sizes; whereas, the sandblasted surfaces were more homogenous and had sharper peaks. Increasing the pressure and duration of sandblasting increased the surface roughness. SEM images of the two combined techniques showed that in group 11 (sandblasted first), HF caused deeper porosities; whereas in group 12 (treated with HF first) sandblasting caused irregularities with less homogeneity. CONCLUSION. All surface treatments increased the surface area and caused porous surfaces. In groups subjected to HF, the porosities were deeper than those in sandblasted only groups.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Jowiseungcheung-tang (JWSCT) extract on the lipid metabolism, anti-oxidation and inflammatory reflex. Methods : Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fat diet for 8 weeks and were randomly divided into 4 groups (10 mice in each group): control group, 100 mg/kg JWSCT group, 200 mg/kg JWSCT group, 300 mg/kg JWSCT group. The control group was administered 100 mg/kg of water, but the other three groups were administered 100, 200, 300 mg/kg JWSCT extract for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, we measured lipid level, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and cytokines in plasma and liver. The gene expression level and the ratio of apo-B and apo-E were then investigated by way of reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results : In the JWSCT group, compared with the control, free fatty acid, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TBARS, IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ decreased significantly in plasma and liver. However HDL-cholesterol, IL-10, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT increased. In the JWSCT group, compared with the control, the gene expression level and the ratio of apo-A and apo-E decreased significantly in the RT-PCR analysis. Conclusions : The extract of JWSCT has anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a topical 0.2% hyaluronic acid (HA) preparation in the management of wound after removal of arch bar for facial bone fracture and a suture site after orthognatic, oral cancer or oral surgery. Forty patients participated in a randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy of the topical HA and preparation. HA topically applied to the wound after removal of arch bar or stitch out, 3 times a day for 4 weeks. Evaluation is performed once a week for 4 weeks. For subjective evaluation, relative pain reduction in visual analog scale (VAS) and existence of heat sensation was accessed. For objective evaluation, gross evaluation, papilla index, existence of wound dehiscence, redness and swelling was checked. The same evaluation was performed in each arch bar group and suture group. For whole subject, 0.2% HA group resulted higher reduction than placebo group in pain of site in first week with significancy. Same findings were seen other weeks but there was no significancy. 0.2% HA group had better result than placebo in objective evaluation (papilla index, wound dehiscence, redness and swelling), but in gross evaluation placebo had better result than 0.2% HA group with no significancy. Subject was divided into suture group and arch bar group. Same aspect was seen, but only suture group had significancy not arch bar group in pain reduction score. 0.2% HA group resulted higher reduction than placebo group in pain of site in first week with significancy, especially in suture group. It reveals topical application of HA in wound especially suture site reduced pain in early stage. And 0.2% HA group had better result than placebo in papilla index, redness and swelling with no statistical significancy. In conclusion, HA has effect of pain reduction and healing promotion in the mucosal wound after oral surgery.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2013

This study investigated the bond characteristics of embedded deformed steel bar in donut type biaxial hollow slabs. The donut type hollow sphere make concrete inner cover formed between steel bar and hollow sphere due to the hollow shape and arrangement. Generally, inner cover was thinner than outer cover, and some part of donut type biaxial hollow slab has smaller inner cover thickness than $2.5d_b$. It was affected to the bond condition of deformed bar. Furthermore, inner cover thickness changes along the longitudinal deformed bar due to hollow shape. Therefore, donut type hollow slab was divided 3 regions according to the hollow shape such as insufficient region, transition region, sufficient region. Pull-out test were performed to find out the effect of bond condition by the region. Main parameters are inner cover thickness, embedded length and bond location. Bond characteristics of donut type biaxial hollow slab were confirmed through comparison of bond stress-slip relationship, maximum bond strength and bond stress distribution of each regions. And the calculation method of bond strength of donut type biaxial hollow slab was suggested based on the test results.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.364-364
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• 2000

It has been widely discussed in phonology that syllable structure of mother tongue influences one's acquisition of foreign language. However, the topic was hardly examined experimentally. So, we investigated effects of Korean syllable structure when Korean speakers pronounce English words, especially focusing on consonant strings that are not allowed in Korean. In the experiment, all the subjects are divided into 3 groups, that is, native, experienced, and inexperienced speakers. Native group consists of 1 male English native speaker. Experienced and inexperienced are each composed of 3 male Korean speakers. These 2 groups are divided by the length of residence in the country using English as a native language. 41 mono-syllable words are prepared considering the position (onset vs. coda), characteristic (stops, affricates, fricatives), and number of consonant. Then, the length of the consonant cluster is measured. To eliminate tempo effect, the measured length is normalized using the length of the word 'say' in the carrier sentence. Measurement of consonant cluster is the relative time period between the initiation of energy (onset I coda) which is acoustically representative of noise (consonant portion) and voicing. bar (vowel portion) in a syllable. Statistical method is used to estimate the differences among 3 groups. For each word, analysis of variance (ANDY A) and Post Hoc tests are carried out.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2019

Desalination plants are generally studied with higher operating costs compared to water supply facilities. This study was conducted to reduce the cost of water production and to preserve existing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to utilize the control valves to increase maximum efficiency, thereby reducing the power of the pumps and operating costs. Specific energy consumption was shown to reduce the process operating power by up to 1.7 times from 6.17 to $3.55kWh/m^3$ based on seawater reverse osmosis 60 bar. In addition, the water intake process was divided into pre, inter, and post-according to the use method of blasting, and the water treatment process was divided into pre, inter, and post blending. In order to reduce power consumption, the blending process was combined to operate the facility, which resulted in the reduction of power consumption in the order post > pre-inter> inter blending.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.17-31
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Samgi-eum($S{\bar{a}}nq{\grave{i}}-y{\check{i}}n$) on the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methods : Osteoarthritis was induced by injection of monosodium iodoacetate intraarticularly in both knee joints. Arthritic rats were divided into control and treated group. Control group were taken distilled water for 20days. Treated group were taken extracts of Samgi-eum($S{\bar{a}}nq{\grave{i}}-y{\check{i}}n$) by orally for the same duration. Normal group were injected normal saline and taken distilled water. Body weights were measured at 0, 5th, 10th, 15th, 20th day after injection. At the end of the experiment, gross and histopathological examination on the articular cartilages of the knee joints were performed. Proteoglycan contents of articular cartilages were analyzed by safranine O staining method. The contents of $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in synovial fluids were analyzed by ELISA method. Results : 1. Body weights of the treated group were significantly increased compared with control at 20days after injection. 2. Grossly, the severity of osteoarthritis in the treated group were alleviated compared with control. 3. Histopathologically, degenerative and necrotic lesion of articular cartilages in the treated group were alleviated compared with those of the control and histopathological scores of treated group were significantly decreased compared with control. 4. PG contents in articular cartilages of the treated group were significantly increased compared with control. 5. $TNF-{\alpha}$ contents in synovial fluids of the treated group were significantly decreased compared with control. Conclusions : According to above results, Samgi-eum($S{\bar{a}}nq{\grave{i}}-y{\check{i}}n$) has anti-arthritic effects on the monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in rats. And it is related with reduced secretion of $TNF-{\alpha}$ from osteoarthritic chondrocytes and synovial membranes.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.206-215
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• 2017

Objectives: To determine the combined effect of fatigue cyclic loading and thermocycling (CLTC) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a resin cement to zirconia surfaces that were previously air-abraded with aluminum oxide ($Al_2O_3$) particles at different pressures. Materials and Methods: Seventy-two cuboid zirconia specimens were prepared and randomly assigned to 3 groups according to the air-abrasion pressures (1, 2, and 2.8 bar), and each group was further divided into 2 groups depending on aging parameters (n = 12). Panavia F 2.0 was placed on pre-conditioned zirconia surfaces, and SBS testing was performed either after 24 hours or 10,000 fatigue cycles (cyclic loading) and 5,000 thermocycles. Non-contact profilometry was used to measure surface roughness. Failure modes were evaluated under optical and scanning electron microscopy. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance and ${\chi}^2$ tests (${\alpha}=0.05$). Results: The 2.8 bar group showed significantly higher surface roughness compared to the 1 bar group (p < 0.05). The interaction between pressure and time/cycling was not significant on SBS, and pressure did not have a significant effect either. SBS was significantly higher (p = 0.006) for 24 hours storage compared to CLTC. The 2 bar-CLTC group presented significantly higher percentage of pre-test failure during fatigue compared to the other groups. Mixed-failure mode was more frequent than adhesive failure. Conclusions: CLTC significantly decreased the SBS values regardless of the air-abrasion pressure used.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.705-713
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• 2020

The present study investigated the temporal changes of river habitats caused by construction and operation of the three large weirs (Sejong, Gongju, and Baekje) in the Geum River. High resolution satellite imagery taken during three periods (preconstruction, before and after gate operation) were used for habitat analysis. We divided bar area into eight habitat types in addition to water area. Then, we identified the nine habitat types from the satellite imagery and estimated each habitat area. Our results show that after weir construction, large bar areas were dramatically decreased and bareland was nearly absent post gate-operation in all three weirs. However, total bar area and bareland were again increased distinctively soon after weir opening events, especially in the uppermost weir, the Sejongbo. These results suggest that weir opening operations provide a relatively simple channel of more diverse through the process of increasing bar area in a river channel.