• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.63-68
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• 2003

One of the widely accepted assumptions in many statistical problem is that the underlying distribution is symmetric. Though a large number of nonparametric test are available in the literature for this problem, very few procedures focuses on the distributional structure when the symmetry assumption is rejected. Yanagimoto and Sibuya (1972) provided the various types of asymmetric distributional structure, positive biasedness, namely. In this paper we consider the test of symmetry against several new positive biasedness restrictions which are stronger than Yanagimoto and Sibuya's type II bias but weaker than type IV (III) bias.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.93-102
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• 2004

In recent several studies, interactional justice as well as distributional justice and procedural justice was founded as a important factor of justice. But the other studies proposed that interactional justice was a sub-dimension of procedural justice because of a very close correlation between two factors. So there are mixed point of view of the factor structure of justice. In this study, we examined the factor structure of justice using confirmative factor analysis. We hypothesized that the facto, structure of justice would be divided into three factors; distributional justice, procedural justice and interactional justice. The results of empirical study supported these hypotheses. The results of this study suggest that interactional justice should be regarded as a important factor of justice to analyze the justice and the relationship with justice and related variables more accurately.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.125-133
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• 2004

Greeting the globalization and information period of 21C, the improvement of the distributional system structure and modernization of publishing distribution are the seriously required periodic assignments for the publishing industry that is a national knowledge and culture industry to be equipped with the core competitiveness. First, it is to found a large distributional organization that is able to provide total logistics services in time that is essential to the publishing company and bookstore. Second, it is to have a logistics service to act up to the variable requirements of customers such as publishing companies and bookstores under the rapidly changing distribution environment. Third, it is to provide the standardized information of publishing distribution. It is needed to establish a total distributional center in collaboration to satisfy the requirements of publishing industry as above. By doing this work, structure of the publishing distribution system can be improved and its constitution can be strengthen, and it is possible not only to construct a stable supply system but also to realize an information-based system in the publishing industry with the construction of information system and its utilization. Furthermore, the application of RFID in the publishing distribution is essentially required to provide the symbolic model and logistics infrastructure into the 'Paju publishing culture information industrial complex'. It could be possible by growing the international recognition regarding distribution environment and strengthening the international competitiveness in the period of the ""Open door".

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.339-350
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate distributional condition of rare plants and useful plant resources, and to verify distributional patterns of understory vegetation associated with the upper layer's vegetation structure. Total 59 families, 160 genera, 218 kinds of vascular plants were identified at the study site including 6 rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service (Lloydia triflora Bak., Trillium kamtschaticum Pall., Lilium distichum Nakai, Anemone koraiensis Nakai, Iris odaesanensis Y.N. Lee, Viola diamantica Nakai). Twenty three species of useful plant resources were also identified at the site; 8 of them showed clustered distributions and the others were prone to scatter. Actual vegetation of this study area consisted of one natural community dominated by Quercus mongolica Fisch. and three disturbed communities of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carriere, Abies holophylla Max. and/or a herbaceous vegetation resulting from forest removal and strong wind of mountain top. This classification was strongly supported by cluster analysis based on the surveyed plot data. Distributional patterns of understory vegetation within forest stand were somewhat related to overstory vegetation structure, but showed a different tendency according to site condition, species composition, and competitive pressure among understory vegetation. Therefore, in order to protect the important understory components as forest genetic resources, forest treatments such as density control of overstory should be implanted based on understanding of impact on understory's dynamics and growing condition.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• Journal of Species Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2019

We have conducted faunistic study of sea lice collected from marine plankton samples of western and southern coasts of Korea. These specimens were identified as Caligus undulatus Shen and Li, 1959, belonging to family Caligidae and order Siphonostomatoida with worldwide distribution. The range extension of C. undulatus is reported in addition to the previously known distributional range from the Northwest Pacific (China, Japan, and Korea), India, Brazil, and Mexico. This species can be distinguished from all previous reports with characteristics such as overall body proportions of both sexes, structure details of mouth appendages, armature of legs, and some variation in body size. The distributional range of C. undulatus is now given with its northern and south hemisphere limit being 40 to $10^{\circ}N$ in the Indo-Pacific and $30^{\circ}S$ in the Southwest Atlantic. This is the first record of its female occurring in Korea.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.565-568
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• 2009

Most of the historic hot springs are artesian wells in Korea. However, many boreholes have been drilled due to the shortage of hot water, and hot water is now being pumped by submersible pump installed at most of hot spring areas. The distribution of boreholes are expected to be related to the geological structure, and the study was carried out to interpret the relationship between two factors. The distributional maps of boreholes were made and the geological structures were interpreted at eight hot spring areas. Some distributions of boreholes have no special direction, and these are not related to the geological structure at Dogo, Suanbo, and Deoksan. The others are consistent with the direction of the geological structure at Goseong, Onyang, Sokcho, Yuseong, and Bugok.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to analyze expenditure structures and impact factors of household's transportation cost in order to provide policy-maker with quantitative and economic information for reducing household's transportation costs, using 1995-2007 household survey data. For this purpose, this study performed various economic analysis, including econometric regression analysis and income re-distributional effects. The four models were separately estimated with dependent variable (personal and public costs, public transit and private car costs) and independent variables (family, employ, age, education, cars, household income, region dummy variable). In addition, We analyzes impacts of transport policy instruments on the transportation expenditure. These instruments include changes of oil price and public transit fare, reform of public transport system, and extension of subway facilities. Finally, income re-distributional effects before and after transportation expenditure, using Pechman-Okner (PO) index and Wolfson index.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2017

Global warming under the influence of climate change and its direct impact on glacial and sea level are known issue. However, there is a lack of research on an indirect impact of climate change such as coastal structure design which is mainly based on a frequency analysis of water level under the stationary assumption, meaning that maximum sea level will not vary significantly over time. In general, stationary assumption does not hold and may not be valid under a changing climate. Therefore, this study aims to develop a novel approach to explore possible distributional changes in annual maximum sea levels (AMSLs) and provide the estimate of design water level for coastal structures using a multiple non-crossing quantile regression based nonstationary frequency analysis within a Bayesian framework. In this study, 20 tide gauge stations, where more than 30 years of hourly records are available, are considered. First, the possible distributional changes in the AMSLs are explored, focusing on the change in the scale and location parameter of the probability distributions. The most of the AMSLs are found to be upward-convergent/divergent pattern in the distribution, and the significance test on distributional changes is then performed. In this study, we confirm that a stationary assumption under the current climate characteristic may lead to underestimation of the design sea level, which results in increase in the failure risk in coastal structures. A detailed discussion on the role of the distribution changes for design water level is provided.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.237-248
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• 2003

This paper compares the syllable structure of French and Korean analyzing the speech data of these two languages recorded during the actual speech. Reference to the syllable structure of French is made from F. Wioland's research data. As for the Korean data, the primary data are drawn from the 30-minute radio interview in which two male TV anchors in their early 60s talk to each other. The secondary source of the data is collected by having the primary data replicated by the two male announcers in their early 20's broadcasting in the university ra야o station of KAIST. With reference to the data collected in French and Korean, this paper provides the statistical frequency of each type of syllable structure in each language through the acoustic analysis of the spectrograms and renders a phonetic account of the characteristics of each syllable type in the two languages. Also discussed in this paper is the distributional condition in which each syllable structure is laid out in the speech context.