• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• 제5권3호
• /
• pp.241-249
• /
• 1999

Diaper dermatitis, or commonly called 'diaper rash', is among the most prevalent cutaneous disorders of infancy and early childhood and important issue in nursing. The term itself is not diagnostic since it encompasses a variety of acute inflammatory reactions which are best regarded as a family of disorders arising from a combination of factors specifically attributable to the use of diapers Intensive study of the rash Process has shown that skin wetness and fecal enzyme activity are damaging to skin and lead to the development of diaper rash. This suggests that it is important to keep urine away from babies' skin, so that the skin remains as dry as Possible and maintains its barrier function abilities. Controlling the urine will also minimize the mixing of urine and feces within the diaper. which helps prevent the increased activity of enzymes that attack the skin and cause irritation. Therefore, a diaper that keeps the skin drier and limits the mixing of urine and feces will help Prevent the conditions that lead to diaper rash. Since their introduction about 35 years ago, disposable baby diapers have undergone many design and performance changes. In Particular. the Performance of diapers was advanced by the introduction of absorbent gel materials (AGMs) to Provide advantages in skin care. dryness, and leakage Protection Especially, important was the introduction of AGM which increased the absorbent capacity of the diaper several fold and Yielded marked reductions in the degree of skin hydration occurring under the diaper Studies show not only drier skin but more stable skin pH and less dermatitis with AGM diapers than with home-laundered cloth diapers or single-use diapers without AGM Minimizing diaper area skin wetness is important for managing and Preventing diaper rash. To minimize wetness, parents should use super absorbent diapers.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.61-73
• /
• 2014

Urinary Incontinence is any leakage of urine against their will. It is not a life threatening illness but it causes negative effects both socially and psychologically. Based on many previous studies, 20-40% of adult female and 30% of men in their sixties have experienced symptoms of urinary incontinence. As the number of active aged people experiencing the symptoms increases, demand for specialized product is growing. The purpose of the study is to research the types and features of male disposable products for urinary incontinence on the market and to provide the basic data for improvement and development of better product. Products from 6 brands (Tena, Depend, Carnation, Keepers, Molimed, Abrimen) with high brand awareness both in online and offline were selected and analyzed. And product evaluation was carried out by male in their sixties with light symptom of urinary incontinence. The results are as follows. There are three types of male products for urinary incontinence: panties, diaper and pad. Among the 6 brands, the subject of analysis, only Depend from Yuhan Kimberly produces male panties while others make ones for unisex. There is no diaper product only for male, and Tena, Molimed, Abrimen have pad type products for male. Male panties from Depend emphasizes their design considering male's physical characteristics. Male pad is differentiated with female one by having different designs like triangular or pocket type which is more comforting to men. As a result of product evaluation, wearable panties similar to normal underwear were highly appreciated and satisfactory. Among various shapes of pads, 25cm long pad with wide width of front and narrow back was valued to be comfortable.

• 대한가정학회지
• /
• 제37권7호
• /
• pp.29-43
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop disposable diapers for the elderly in need by experimenting with wearing disposable diapers and analyzing the properties of materials of these diapers. The diapers were of two different types: one was a panty type for the elderly who were bed ridden, and the other was a pad type for the elderly who had incontinence. The subjects for the wearing test of the panty type were forty who were bed ridden, and there were forty subjects for the wearing test of the pad type who had incontinence. The disposable diapers for these experiments were chosen from those already found in the market place. Four panty types and three pad types were selected. From these experiments for the disposable diapers, the first prototypes were developed, and the second prototypes were proposed by experimenting with the first prototypes. The first panty prototype was designed to improve absorbing power, and we added waist rubber bands to prevent evacuation from back leaking and a frontal tape to prevent waistline film from tearing. The first pad prototype was designed to improve absorbing power also, and we added side rubber bands to prevent the side leaking and an adhesive tape on the fore part of the bottom to prevent the diapers from moving, and made the outline of the back area curved and thin to help hide the diaper from detection thus making the wearer feel better. From these test cases and analyzing the properties of materials with the first prototypes, we gained some success, but several points on further improvements were proposed to refine the final prototypes. The second panty prototype we proposed was to make 1he length longer, especially in the crotch area to prevent excess leaking and to fit the body more snugly. Also, the second pad prototype was proposed to reduce the total thickness of the diaper, and to improve the feeling and appearance.

• 한국의상디자인학회지
• /
• 제12권3호
• /
• pp.57-71
• /
• 2010

This study is to understand the actual condition of design and material of peanut-shaped diaper with looking at the types and characteristics of baby cloth diapers and domestic peanut-shaped diapers registered in the Patent Office. Furthermore, it is to suggest the basic data for designing more functional and comfortable cloth diapers. Here are the research result on the actual condition of design and material of baby cloth diapers. Firstly, 11 cloth diapers registered in the Patent Office can be divided into panty-shaped and straight line-shaped diapers. There are 7 kinds of panty-shaped cloth diapers which satisfy both the convenience of a disposable diaper and sanitation of a cloth diaper, and 4 kinds of straight line-shaped cloth diapers that minimize the weaknesses of existing cloth diapers. Secondly, domestic peanut-shaped cloth diapers can be divided into peanut-shaped, inserted, winged, velcro-attached diapers. Among 23 kinds of peanut-shaped cloth diapers from 16 companies, there are 12 kinds of peanut-shaped diapers which consist of layers of cloth to make peanut shape. There are 6 kinds of inserted diapers that insert extra diapers or handkerchiefs in between two sheets of cloth diapers and 3 kinds of winged diapers designed to shorten drying time with sawing only one side of several layered sheets. Also, there are 2 kinds of velcro-attached diapers that are removable according to the amount of excreta. Commonly used materials are cotton woven of diamond jacquard and knit of diamond Hole Stitch or Plain Stitch. And for handing the edge of diaper, the method of wrapping up the edge with cotton woven or knit bias is used.

• 한국의류학회지
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.101-109
• /
• 1987

This study was designed to measure the amount of formaldehyde in the disposable diapers of seven different products. It was aimed to investigate the actual situation of the diaper consumption and to relate it to the amount of formaldehyde measured. The degree of recognizability on the harmfulness of formaldehyde was also studied. The amount of formaldehyde was measured by means of the Acetyl Acetone method. The a ual situation of consumption and the recognizability of the formaldehyde were investigated by questionnaire. In the survey, the subjects had their babies aged from 0$\~$3 years and lived in Seoul. The statistical methods used were simple frequency and chi-square. The results obtained from this study were as follows; 1) Among seven (7) different disposable diapers, two were found to have less amount of formaldehyde than the Japanese regulation. 2) From the survey on the actual situation of consumption most respondents ($53.7\%$) experienced the dermatological problem after using the disposable diapers. Actually for the diapers which had a lot of formaldehyde, the respondents experienced the problems more severely. 3) The recognizability of formaldehyde was very low. The recognizability on the harnfulness of formaldehyde was lower, which represented the consumers had least or no knowledge about the formaldehyde release problem.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.225-233
• /
• 2020

위생용품의 기준 및 규격서에는 포름알데히드 함량 시험법이 위생용품 유형별로 다르게 규정되어 있다. 위생용품 유형별로 미용티슈, 기저귀 안감 및 방수층, 팬티라이너를 대표 시료로 하여, 2,4-DNPH/HPLC법, 아세틸아세톤/분광광도계법, 아세틸아세톤/HPLC법을 비교 분석하였다. 시험방법의 유효성 확인을 위하여 위생용품 유형별로 직선성과 검출한계, 정량한계, 회수율, 반복성 등을 검토하였다. 포름알데히드 표준용액으로 검량선을 작성 한 결과 3가지 시험방법에서 모두 상관계수(R²)가 0.999이상이었고, 검출한계와 정량한계는 위생용품의 기준 및 규격에 규정된 각각의 최대잔류허용기준(Maximum Residue Level, MRL)에 비해 매우 낮게 나타났다. 또한 80%이상의 양호한 회수율을 확인할 수 있었고, 반복성(repeatability)도 20% 이내에 해당하여 양호하였다. 분석장비 별 비교에서는 분광광도계에 비하여 HPLC는 낮은 검출한계 및 정량한계를 나타내어 정밀한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유도체화 후 차광을 유지하면서 분석이 가능한 장점이 있었다. 유도체화 시액별 시간 경과에 따른 포름알데히드 안정성 평가를 위하여 2,4-DNPH와 아세틸아세톤으로 유도체화 한 후 0, 3, 6, 9, 24, 48 시간에 HPLC로 포름알데히드를 분석하였다. 2,4-DNPH로 유도체화 된 포름알데히드의 경우 시간의 경과에 따른 포름알데히드 피크면적의 통계적 유의성은 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 반면, 아세틸아세톤의 경우 유의적인 상관관계를 보였는데(P<0.01), 아세틸아세톤-포름알데히드 면적과 시간과는 음의 상관계수(r)를 보였다. 최초로 측정된 포름알데히드 피크면적평균 대비 시간대 별 피크면적평균 비교에서는 2,4-DNPH 시액으로 유도체화 한 경우에는 면적비의 특별한 증감이 관찰되지 않아 안정한 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 아세틸아세톤으로 유도체화한 경우에는 시간의 경과에 따라 감소 경향을 보이다가 48시간 경과 후에는 81.3-95.2% 수준으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 위생용품은 대부분 일회용으로 제조가 용이한 종이와 부직포 재질로 만드는 경우가 많고, 제조과정 중 접착제를 사용한다. 따라서 위생용품 최종제품에도 포름알데히드가 잔존할 가능성이 있다. 우리나라에서도 위생용품관리법으로 위생용품 중의 포름알데히드 기준을 마련하여 관리하고 있으나 시행 초기로 국내 유통 제품에 대한 포름알데히드 잔류 실태조사는 미흡한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 부산지역에서 유통 중인 위생용품 총 205건을 대상으로 포름알데히드 함량 모니터링을 실시하였다. 일회용 기저귀 74건 중 73건에서 0.13-29.87 mg/kg의 수준으로 낮은 농도의 포름알데히드가 잔류되어 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 일회용 기저귀는 피부에 직접 접촉하는 부분을 중심으로 지속적인 관리가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 반면 화장지 78건, 일회용 타월 27건, 일회용 행주 12건, 종이컵 7건, 일회용 종이냅킨 6건, 종이빨대 1건에서는 포름알데히드가 모두 검출되지 않아 안전하게 관리되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.