• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.145-158
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• 1986

This study was undertaken to purify cystic fluid (CF) antigen of Taenia solium metacestodes by affinity chromatogaphy using specific monoclonal antibody(McAb) and to characterize the antigenicity of the purified antigen. The hybridoma cell lines, prepared by fusion between mouse plasmacytoma and spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with CF, secreted antibodies reacting to various helminthic antigens. Majority of cell lines reacted to CF only but some also reacted to parenchymal antigen of T. solium metacestodes, adult T. saginata, sparganum, hydatid cystic fluid, Paragonimus westermani and Clonorchis sinensis, either in combination with CF, other antigens or independently. Cloned cells derived from monoclonal lines also produced antibodies reacting either to CF only or to other helminthes in combination or independently. These results indicated that CF of T. solium metacestodes contained proteins which possessed antigenic determinants not only specific to CF but also cross reactive with the afore-mentioned helminthes. CF of T. solium metacestodes was purified by affinity chromatography using the McAb which reacted to CF and parenchymal antigens. The affinity-purified antigen (A-Ag) and unbound pool CF (U-Ag) were separated. A-Ag showed 2 protein bands by disc-PAGE whereas CF exhibited 6 bands and U-Ag consisted of all bands CF had. The diagnostic significance of A-Ag was evaluated by ELISA in human neurocysticercosis and other helminthic and neurologic diseases. By A-Ag, the levels of the specific IgG antibody, as shown by absorbance in sera and CSF, were lower than those of CF and U-Ag. Accordingly, the sensitivity was about 70% of CF and U-Ag. However, the nonspecific positive reactions to CF and U-Ag, observed in sparganosis, T. saginata infection and paragonimiasis did not occur when A-Ag was used. These results indicated that the affinity-purified A-Ag had the higher specificity but the lower sensitivity as a diagnostic antigen in cysticercosis, probably because it only detected a single or limited numbers of monospecific antibodies among the diverse polyclonal antibodies produced in the patients with neurocysticercosis.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.159-166
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• 2003

Purpose : Streptococcus pneumoniae is part of the normal flora but is also responsible for causing many invasive diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis in addition to noninvasive diseases such as otitis in children. Multi-drug resistant strains has raised a lot of concern worldwide and thus the importance of prevention has been emphasized. We have analyzed the current serotypes and antibiotic sensitivity of each serotype as a baseline study to estimate the efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in Korean children. Methods : One hundred sixteen cases of pneumococcus cultured at Yonsei Medical Center from September 2001 to January 2003 were analyzed. The serotyping was done with the Quellung reaction and penicillin resistance was tested using the oxacillin disc diffusion method. Results : Pneumococcus were cultured from the sputum in 76 cases(65.5%), from the blood in 13 cases(11.2%), from the ear discharge in 12 cases(10.3%), from the throat in 7 cases(6.0%), from the nasal cavity in 2 cases(1.7%), and one case(0.9%) each from the cerebrospinal fluid, eye discharge, peritoneal fluid, post-operational wound, brain abscess, and catheter tip. Serotyping was possible with 98 cases and the following serotypes were found; 15 cases of type 19F(15.3%), 11 cases of 19A(11.2%), 8 cases of 11A(8.2%), 7 cases each of 6A, 14 and 3(7.1%), 6 cases each of 35, 6B and 23F(6.1%). Eighty two cases(70.7%) out of 116 cases were penicillin resistant and serotypes 19F, 19A, 11A, 23F, 6A, 9V constituted the majority, 48 cases(59.8%). These serotypes showed resistance to cotrimoxazole (74.4%), tetracycline(69.5%), and erythromycin(90.3%) as well. In the 22 cases cultured from children, 19A and 19F were found in 25.0%, 6A, 6B, and 23F in 10.0%, 11A, 14, 19, and 29 in 5.0%. Fifty percent(10/20) of the clinical isolates were represented in the current 7-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine, and 85%(17/20) when the cross-reacting serotypes were included. Penicillin resistance was found in 86.4%(19/22). Conclusion : The percentage of serotypes included in the 7 valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine found in our study was 40.8% which was less than other prior studies. In anticipation of a change of pneumococcal serotypes, a nationwide multicenter study is needed before the initiation of pneumococcal vaccines in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.505-512
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• 2012

This study evaluated the quality characteristics of rice-doenjang prepared with Aspergillus oryzae MD05 and Bacillus subtilis HJ18-4. The physicochemical characteristics of rice-doenjang prepared with three types of meju, such as grain type(Rice 1), disc shape(Rice 2), and brick shape(Rice 3), were compared. We determined amino and ammonia nitrogen contents, protease and amylase activities, reducing sugar content, and total aerobic counts and lactic acid bacteria counts. The amino nitrogen and reducing sugar contents in all meju types gradually increased during fermentation. The amino nitrogen contents reached 151.5~200.0 mg%. Rice 3 were had the highest levels among the 4 types of rice-doenjang. After 42 days of fermentation, amylase and protease activity of Rice 3 were 366.57 and 94.26 unit/g, respectively, which were the highest levels among the 4 types of rice-doenjang. The total aerobic bacteria counts were not changed during 42-day fermentation. This results suggest that high quality characteristics of brick-shaped meju(Rice 3) were better than those of the other meju preparations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.320-326
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the antibacterial and antioxidative activities of water and ethanol extracts from a mixture of roasted coffee and red ginseng. The antibacterial effects of each extract were determined by the classical paper disc method. A water extract of mixture samples inhibited growth of all strains, but antibacterial effects were mostly weakened. Ethanol extracts showed stronger antibacterial effects than water extracts in all strains except Gram negative Escherichia coli and the fungi strain Candida albicans. Also, the antibacterial effect of the Bacillus cereus strain appeared in all samples, and the ES2 sample formed a clear zone of 19 and 20 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. Typhimurium respectively (MIC=0.25 and 0.125 mg/mL). Determinations of free radical elimination for the different mixture extracts using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) were compared with ascorbic acid and butylated hyderoxytoluene as positive controls. The water and ethanol extracts of mixture samples (100 ${\mu}g/mL$) showed 55.38~60.01% and 59.37~70.50% DPPH scavenging activities, respectively. DPPH scavenging activities of all mixture samples were slightly higher than roasted coffee and red ginseng samples. However, DPPH scavenging activity decreased when red ginseng extract composed more than 70% of the total extract. The total polyphenol in the mixture samples measured by the Folin-Denis method revealed the highest level of polyphenol content in ethanol extract of sample 3, whereas polyphenol content differed with different mixture ratios, ranging from 105.16~119.79 mg/g in ethanol extract. In the water extract, the polyphenol content was greatest with water extract of sample 1, whereas in other samples the content varied from 93.75~109.18 mg/g.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.358-366
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and Glycyrrhiza glabra extracts with various countries of origin. Three samples of licorice with various origins (Korea, China, and Uzbekistan) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against six skin microflora. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effects included the disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration, and challenge test. The ethyl acetate fractions of G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts showed significant antimicrobial activities against two gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Propionibacterium acnes) and two gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. These samples had much more intensive antimicrobial activities than synthetic preservatives on B. subtilis, P. acnes, and P. aeruginosa, especially. Korean licorice showed the highest antimicrobial activity amongst the samples tested. In view of the observed inhibitory features of these G. uralensis and G. glabra extracts, it is suggested that they could be used as natural antiseptics against bacterial contamination in cosmetics and foods, instead of the common synthetic preservatives currently employed.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2003

This study was carried out to investigate the expression patterns of foreign gene that controlled by tuber-specific patatin promoter in transgenic potatoes. Potato leaf disc cultured in vitro were transformed by the Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 containing pBl121 or pATGUS from potato cv. Desiree. In order to select the transgenic lines, gene-specific primers deduced from the NPTII were synthesized and used for polymerase chain reaction. The down part of the putative transgenic potatoes was transplanted weekly onto sucrose-enriched medium to accelerate the microtuber formation. RNA gel blot analysis was performed on the total RNAs obtained from tuber that had been harvested at a week interval. Also, histochemical assay was observed in the explants transformed with either pBI121 or pATGUS. Results showed that the transgenic plant containing pATGUS expressed GUS transcripts mainly at the tuber, not in stem, with the highest expression level in 5 weeks-grown microtubers. In contrast to pATGUS plants, the transformed plants with pBI121 showed an equal expression pattern throughout the whole developing stages. Consistent with RNA gel blot analysis, histochemical GUS staining and enzyme activity exhibited pATGUS transcripts were at the highest level in 5 weeks cultures. From these results, we suggest that the best stage to analyze the foreign gene introduced by patatin promoter into potato plants is at 5 weeks cultures after tuber formation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2015

In anteroposterior radiation test for cervical vertebra, it is general that the incidence angle of X-ray is $15^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees to head regardless of position. So this study suggests appropriate incidence angle of cervical vertebra depended on the position. From 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2013, cervical spine radiographys and magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 107 people who visited P Hospital located in Pusan. Among them, 39 people(men 24, women 15) were below 80 above 20 years old(average age 54 years) with normal cervical lordosis(normal $40^{\circ}{\pm}5^{\circ}$). In erect position, the incidence angle of cervical vertebra is measured from lateral radiographic images. And in supine position, it measured from MRI sagittal images. Results based on gender, the incidence angle of cervical vertebra in erect position was $25.9^{\circ}$ for men, women was $23.1^{\circ}$, showed statistically significant (p<0.05). And the angle in supine was $11.6^{\circ}$ for men, women was $12.6^{\circ}$, showed not statistically significant (p>0.05) An analysis of age group shows, the incidence angle of cervical vertebra in erect position was $24.6^{\circ}$ under 50, and $25.0^{\circ}$ over 50. The angle in supine was $12.0^{\circ}$ under 50, and $11.9^{\circ}$ over 50. And all of them showed not statistically significant (p>0.05). At all ages, the average of incidence angles in erect position were $24.8^{\circ}$, and the angle in supine was $12.0^{\circ}$, showed statistically significant (p<0.05). The cervical vertebra incidence angle for X-ray was $15^{\circ}$ to $20^{\circ}$ degrees to head in general. But, through the results, it is recommended that the angle is $24.8^{\circ}$ in erect and $12.0^{\circ}$ in supine position. It could be shown true anteroposterior(AP) view of cervical vertebra and accurate intervertebral fusion fixing devices.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권3호통권91호
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• pp.260-266
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• 2000

Water quality parameters were surveyed in Lake Andong. Turbidity, temperature, secchi disc transparency (SD), phosphorus, nitrogen and chlorophyll a concentration were measured at dam site from July 1993 to December 1998. Minimum transparency in summer was only about 2 meters in 1993 and 1994, but it decreased to about 1 meter in 1997 and 1988. Total phosphorus concentration of the epilimnion increased slightly from $11{\sim}30\;mgP/m^3$ in 1993 to $18{\sim}42\;mgP/m^3$ in 1998. Total nitrogen concentration of the epilimnion decreased slightly from $1.81{\sim}2.96\;mgN/L$ in 1993 to $1.48{\sim}2.57\;mgN/L^3$ in 1998. TN/TP weight ratio decreased from $82{\sim}281$ in 1993 to $21{\sim}143$ in 1998 due to the increase of phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus concentration and the decrease of nitrogen concentration. Dissolved inorganic phosphorus and nitrate nitrogen concen tration of the epilimnion were in the range of $0.9{\sim}5.3\;mgP/m^3$ and $1.36{\sim}1.68\;mgN/L$, respectively. Chlorophyll a concentration in summer was in the range of $11.0{\sim}19.1\;mg/m^3$ in 1994, 1996 and 1997, but it decreased to $2.3{\sim}6.5\;mg/m^3$ in 1998. Trophic state of Lake Andong can be classified as mesotrophic to eutrophic from TP, TN and chlorophyll a concentration.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.293-303
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• 2009

Effects of stress on the low salinity stress were examined in the pacific abalone Haliotis discus discus. Changes in survival rate, hemolymph count, antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase: CAT and superoxide dismutase: SOD), respiratory burst activity, phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) mRNA were measured 0, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48hours after low salinity treatment with 25, 30, 33 and 35 psu. Survival rates of pacific abalone were 100% at 33 and 35 psu, but 93 and 97% at 25 and 30 psu for 48 hours, respectively. Hemolymph counts decreased in the time elapsed-dependent way at all of the experimental groups. At low salinity, 25 and 30 psu, SOD and CAT activity increased compared to the experimental group of 33 psu. Moreover, respiratory burst activities of the pacific abalone seemed to have no effect on low salinity stress at any experimental group. However, phenoloxidase activity is an important component of the defence against pathogen that was decreased in a reduction of salinity dependent way. Lysozyme activity also immediately reduced at 25 psu experimental group for 48 h. The HSP70 mRNA was weakly expressed at 33 psu, but strongly detectable at 25 psu experimental group. The HSP 70 mRNA expression in gill increased in the time elapsed-dependent way at 25 psu experimental group and then recovered at 48 h. These results suggest that low salinity stress give rise to inhibitory action of immune system as a result of the decrease of phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity in the pacific abalone, especially.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2001

Purpose: One or more abnormal vertebrae detected on bone scintigraphy is a common finding in clinical practice, and it could pose a diagnostic dilemma especially in cancer patients. as either metastasis or benign disease may cause scintigraphic abnormality. The purpose of this study was to determine whether additional spine SPECT has a role in differentiating malignant from benign lesions in patients with back pain. Materials and Methods: We reviewed spine SPECT studios obtained over a three-year period in 108 patients. Among them, forty-five patients with abnormal SPECT and clinically followed records were evaluated (20 cancer patients were included). Uptake patterns were classified as follows: 1. Body: diffusely increased uptake, linear increased uptake of end plate, segmental increased uptake, and cold defect, 2. Posterior element: posterior to body (pedicle), posterior to Intervertebral disc space (facet joint), and spinous process. Lesions were correlated with radiological findings and with final diagnosis. Results: Sixty-nine bone lesions were detected on SFECT images, including 18 metastases, 28 degenerative diseases and 21 compression fractures. Cold defect (6) and segmental increased uptake (5) were dominant findings in metastasis; linear increased uptake (12), and facet joint uptake (15) were in degenerative change; and diffuse increased uptake (9), and linear increased uptake (9) were in compression fracture. Conclusion: Cold defect and segmental increased uptake of body were characteristic findings of metastasis, but care should be taken because compression fracture also shows segmental increased uptake in some cases. Degenerative disease was easily diagnosed because of the typical finding of linear increased uptake of end plate and facet joint. Therefore, additional bone SPECT after planar bone scan would be helpful for differentiating metastasis from benign condition in cancer patients.