• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.951-960
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• 2010

We provide the set of left-invariant minimal unit vector fields on the semi-direct product $\mathbb{R}^n\;{\rtimes}_p\mathbb{R}$, where P is a nonsingular diagonal matrix and on the 7 classes of 4-dimensional solvable Lie groups of the form $\mathbb{R}^3\;{\rtimes}_p\mathbb{R}$ which are unimodular and of type (R).

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.70-92
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• 2003

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting organizational citizenship behavior of hospital employees, and based on the investigation, to suggest some implications for effective human resources management of hospitals. For this purpose, physical therapists were selected as the subject of the research. Using their individual characteristics, job characteristics, professionalism and group cohesiveness as the variables affecting organizational citizenship behavior, an empirical model was constructed and tested. A survey was conducted through structured and self-administered questionnaire for the physical therapists working at hospitals of Busan-Kyongnam area, and data from 240 therapists were utilized in the final analysis. Major results of the empirical analysis are as follows: First, perception on professionalism and the degree of organizational citizenship behavior were higher for male, older, relatively more-educated and higher-grade employees. It is necessary to develope some measures to educate and motivate the employees who are in lower state of professionalism and organizational citizenship behavior. Second, among the individual characteristics, need for growth was found to have significant, positive influence on professionalism and group cohesiveness, but no direct effect on organizational citizenship behavior. On the other hand, extroversion had direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior, as well as on professionalism and group cohesiveness. This result suggests that personnel selection and personality education should be conducted carefully. Third, job characteristics appeared to have very large, positive effect on professionalism, but not directly on organizational citizenship behavior. Fourth, professionalism was found to have very large, positive influence on group cohesiveness and direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. This implies that enhancing professionalism of physical therapists can strengthen organizational citizenship behavior in hospitals, and hence top management should actively support the programs for job re-design, skill education and quality improvement to enhance professionalism of their employees. Fifth and last, as an intervening factor, group cohesiveness appeared to have the largest, direct, positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior. It is, therefore, important for top management to improve group cohesiveness by exploring ways toward greater harmony and solidarity among the members of physical therapy department.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2008.12a
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• pp.36.1-36.1
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• 2008

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.41-56
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• 2000

This study focused on the effects of family, individual characteristics of adolescents and coping behaviors on adolescent runaway. The major findings were as follows: 1. Adolescent who had higher level of family violence, lower level of communication with parent, family cohesion and adaptability, and resource adequacy perception reported higher scores in runaway. 2. Adolescents who had higher level of emotional distress, lower level of self-esteem and self-control tended to have higher scores in runaway. 3. There was a significant difference in adolescent runaway according to coping behavior styles. 4. Maladaptive coping behaviors were significantly associated with the runaway adolescent group. 5. Adaptive coping behaviors were not associated with both runaways and non-runaways group. 6. Communication with father had a direct effect on adolescent runaway and also indirect effects through emotional stress and maladaptive coping behavior. 7. Maladaptive coping behaviors had a direct effect on adolescent runaway but adaptive coping behavior had no effect. 8. Emotional stress had an indirect effect through maladaptive coping behavior on adolescent runaway. 9. Communication with father had a direct effect and an indirect effect through self-esteem of adolescents on the adaptive coping behavior. 10. Family adaptability had a direct effect on the adaptive coping behavior.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.135-151
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• 2007

This study is human body measurement of 200 adult males in their 20s by both direct and indirect methods in order to reveal the representative male upper body types. Composition factors of body types were classified while the combination of direct-indirect measurement values was chosen. The following are the findings: 1) The analysis of direct-indirect measurement statistics showed the following results: 173.80cm (height), 69.87kg (weight), 95.58cm (chest girth), $24.67^{\circ}$ (right shoulder angle), and $9.34^{\circ}$ (shoulder width angle). 2) The factor analysis of the body types by direct measurement produced 5 factors: 1 (front length of upper body), 2 (front length of upper body), 3 (back length of upper body), 4 (circumference of upper body), and 5 (shoulders length). These factors accounted for 90.08%. Also, the cluster analysis of factor scores led to 3 types: 1 (33%, short, comparatively wide shoulders and full in the hips), 2 (25.1%, well-developed upper body in tall, inversed triangle), 3 (41%, average height, short upper body). 3) The body-type factor analysis by indirect measurement resulted in 6 factors with the explanation of 83.24%: 1 (rear upper bady thickness), 2 (front upper body width), 3 (front chest thickness), 4 (left-right shoulder angle), 5 (front width of protrusion distance in chest and shoulders), and 6 (neck's front-rear side angle).In addition, the cluster analysis of factor scores brought about 4 types: 1 (15%, well-developed front chest, beardless waist), 2 (23.5%, flat chest, with shoulder, drooping shoulders, strait neck), 3 (39%, with shoulder, curved back), and 4 (22.5%, narrow and thin, curved waist). 4) Among the 118 subjects (75%), 58 subjects commonly appearing in indirect measurement values group and direct measurement values group were chosen the representative body type group according to asterisk indexes. They had the highest frequency in direct type 3 and indirect type 3, whose combination represented the physical characteristics of the representative body types.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was aimed at investigating liver protection mechanism of Moschus by inducing liver toxicity through $CCl_4$ in mice and evaluated histological and serological findings. Methods : Experiment groups was categorized into untreated normal group, $CCl_4$ treated control group, and orally administered Moschus experiment group. At the termination of experiment, gross examination of the liver as well as histological findings, and Total protein, Total bilirubin, Direct bilirubin SGOT, SGPT, and ALP contents in the serum were evaluated. Results : 1. For gross examination and histological findings, $CCl_4$ treated control group showed destroyed lobular structure, increased fibrosis, as well as hepatic cirrhosis. For the group treated with Moschus, the lobular structure suffered less damage, and showed lower level of fibrosis and liver cirrhosis compared to the control group. 2. For serum analysis, Total protein were significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 3. Total bilirubin didn't show significant differences between the two groups. but direct bilirubin was significantly increased in the Moschus experiment group than the control group. 4. SGOT, SGPT, were significantly decreased in the normal and Moschus experiment groups compared to the control group. 5. ALP was significantly decreased in the normal group compared to the control group, but Moschus experiment group didn't show significant differences compared to the control group. Conclusion : Taken together, Moschus can be effectively used for recovering the liver functions and further researches must be conducted to verify the efficacies of Moschus bile juice.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.2218-2229
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• 2015

Recently Wi-Fi Alliance defined Wi-Fi direct, which can communicate through a direct connection between the mobile device anytime, anywhere. In Wi-Fi direct, all devices are categorized by group of owner (GO) and client. Since portability is emphasized in Wi-Fi direct devices, it is essential to control the energy consumption of a device very efficiently. In order to avoid unnecessary power consumed by GO, Wi-Fi direct standard defines two power management schemes: Opportunistic power saving scheme and Notice Of Absence (NOA) scheme. But, these two schemes do not consider the traffic pattern, so we cannot expect high energy efficiency. In this paper, we suggest an algorithm to enhance the energy efficiency of Wi-Fi direct power saving, considering the characteristics of multimedia video traffic. Proposed algorithm utilizes the statistical distribution for the size of video frames and adjusts the length of awake interval dynamically. Also, considering the inter-dependency among video frames, the proposed algorithm assigns priorities to video frames and ensures that a video frame with high priority is transmitted with higher probability than other frames with low priority. Simulation results shows that the proposed method outperforms the traditional NOA in terms with average delay and energy efficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.259-266
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• 1999

In case that pile cap is in direct contact with underlying soil, the bearing mechanism for pile groups, including direct bearing effect of cap and its induced influence on pile-soil-cap interaction, should be properly considered. In this paper, the effects of pile caps on behaviors of pile groups in sandy soils were investigated by model tests, which consist of tests on 3 by 3 pile groups with/without contact on subsoil, single pile with/without contact and cap as a shallow foundation. Also, the influences of pile spacing in group piles on contact effects were investigated. The test results showed that the load carrying capacity of pile cap was large enough not to be ignored. However, the interaction effects due to contact between cap and subsoils were not revealed obviously in working load range. And in the design of pile groups, the bearing effect of pile cap when contacted with subsoils, can be reflected by simply summing up load settlement behaviors of each cap and group piles without contact.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.740-748
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• 2004

The purpose of this research is to observe the face types of types of haircut design that is the basis for the completion of a hair styling mainly with case of male college student. For the purpose of this, I carried out direct and indirect observation and measurement for faces of 293 male college student who attended universities in Busan, and measured face types which were classified by the group analysis preferred hair style in order to do actual hair cut design. The result of this research is as follow. This paper conducted the element analysis in regard to the direct and indirect items of face, and it pulled out 5 elements. As a result of group analysis with elements as independent variables, they are classified into4 types. For actual hair cut design, 4 types classified by group analysis and nearing models analyzed. This research bring accurate information classified face types.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.80-85
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• 2014

In this study, we visualized the internal flow of a regenerative turbomachinery using the direct injection tracer method. For visualization, the working fluid was water and the tracer was oil colors (marbling colors). Droplets were injected at the inlet of the machinery and the streak were recorded using a high-speed camera with high-power light sources. While circulating inside the groove, the droplets were translated by the rotational motion of the impeller. When the droplets flow out of the impeller groove, relative to the impeller, they moved more slowly. And the droplets repeatedly reentered into the groove and circulated again. Then the droplets either flowed to the outlet or to the stripper. As a result, this experiment has confirmed the internal circulating flow of a regenerative turbomachinery.