• Carbon letters
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2005

Plasma carbon blacks of 20~30 nm diameter were synthesized by direct decomposition of natural gas using a hybrid plasma torch system with 50 kW direct current and 4 MHz of radio frequency. The insulating rector which inside diameter of 400 mm and length of 1500 mm, respectively was kept at 300~$400^{\circ}C$ during the preparation. The ultimate analysis of plasma carbon blacks reveals that the raw plasma carbon blacks contains a large quantity of volatile which is mainly consist of hydrogen. Therefore devolatilization of raw plasma carbon blacks were carried out at $900^{\circ}C$ for one hour under nitrogen atmosphere. The devolatilization leads to the decrease in electrical resistivity and surface oxygen functional groups of plasma carbon black significantly. In order to investigate the plasma carbon as a catalyst support, devolatilized plasma black at $900^{\circ}C$ (DPB) supported PtAu catalyst was synthesized by sodium boronhydride reduction method. Electrochemical measurements and direct formic acid fuel cell test indicated that catalytic activity of DPB supported PtAu catalyst for formic acid oxidation was similar to that of Vulcan XC-72 of commercial carbon black supported one.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2020

Purpose: This in vitro study was conducted to evaluate the marginal and internal fit of three-unit Co-Cr frameworks fabricated by computer-aided metal milling and direct metal laser sintering(DMLS) systems in comparison to conventional casting method. Methods: Three-unit Co-Cr frameworks were fabricated by conventional wax up with casting(CWC), computer-aided metal milling(MM) and direct metal laser sintering(DMLS)(n=10 each). The marginal and internal fit of specimens were examined using a light-body silicone impression material. The thickness of light-body silicone was measured at eight reference points each, divided in the mesio distal and bucco lingual directions. All measurements were conducted by a stereomicroscope. Digital photos were taken at 150× magnification and then analyzed using a measurement software. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Bonferroni correction were used for analyzing the results. Results: The mean(SD) is ㎛ for fabrication methods, the mean marginal fit were recorded respectively, DMLS 39(27), followed by CWC 63(38), MM 220(128). and the mean internal fit CWC 95(47), DMLS 116(49), MM 210(152). In addition, the largest gap was found in the occlusal surface area among the internal measurement areas of all groups. Conclusion: As a result, the direct metal laser sintering method showed better marginal and internal fit than the metal milling method. The marginal and internal fit were statistically different according to the three fabrication methods(p<0.001). Except the MM group, the marginal fit of the CWC and DMLS groups was below the clinical standard of 120 ㎛. Based on the results of this study, it can be applied to clinical use in the future.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2013

Purpose: Purpose of this research was to identify effects of application of a modified primary nursing system. Methods: Measurement was done of direct nursing time and satisfaction of nurses and patients before and after one month of the modified primary nursing system in a surgery unit in C university hospital, Seoul. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between average for patient satisfaction (4.24) before and (4.11) after application of the modified primary nursing system. Total average for nurse satisfaction with the nursing delivery system was 2.89 before application and, 3.34 after, indicating some significant differences (t=-4.06, p<.001). The KPCS-1 was 10.19 before application of the modified primary nursing system and 9.52 after application. Recalculated into direct nursing time, the average direct nursing time for one patient was 92 minutes before application, and 85.98 minutes after, indicating no significant difference. Conclusion: Through this research an attempt was made to build and test a modified primary nursing system. Results indicate that the most important thing is to clearly regulate office work and safely implement the new system.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.226-238
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• 2010

This study was conducted to assess the effects of nutrition label education in children. The students of three randomly selected sixth-grade classes at an elementary school participated, were classified into a control group, an indirect (written message to parents) education group, and a direct (teaching children) education group. Nutrition label education was conducted in the latter two groups but not in the control group. There were no significant differences between pretest and posttest scores for nutrition knowledge or in the dietary attitudes of the control group and indirect education group. Improvements in test scores for nutrition knowledge and dietary attitudes were observed only in the direct education group. There were significant positive changes in the indirect and direct education groups, such as selecting snacks (cookies) by considering the fat content. Moreover, after the lessons, the percentage of children who chose white milk (regular milk, calcium-enriched milk, and low-fat milk) significantly increased in the direct education group. This study suggests that conducting nutrition label education helps children improve their nutrition knowledge and leads to positive changes in dietary attitudes and eating behaviors. In particular, a direct nutrition education method is more effective than an indirect method such as a written message to parents. Therefore, it is suggested that systematic and constant 'nutrition label education' be performed by nutrition teachers in elementary schools to establish healthy eating habits based on choosing nutritious snacks and processed foods.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.122-129
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• 2003

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine the difference of direct nursing activity and patient outcomes as mortality rate, complication rate, readmission rate and length of stay related to graded fee of nursing management for inpatient. Method: The subjects of this study were 44 general hospitals with more than 500 beds. Data totaled to 86,044 claims provided to inpatients in Jan. 2001 requested by an electronic data interchange from a Health Insurance Review Agency. The data was analyzed by SPSS win(ver.10.0) and statistical methods used were frequency, one-way ANOVA, $X^2$-Test and regression. Result: Synthetic judgment through performance index and 95% confidence interval, direct nursing activity showed to provided adequate quality of nursing care on 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 6th nursing degree. Also, patient outcomes showed difference by graded fee of nursing management for inpatient. Mortality rate of 2nd was the lowest with P.I. 67.9, 3rd, 5th, 6th, 4th in order. In case of complication rate, 2nd, 3rd and 4th were lower than other nursing degree. Readmission rate of 4th and 5th was the lowest. Length of stay of 2nd was the shortest with P.I. 88.3, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 4th, 6th in order. Conclusion: The findings from this study showed that, the higher nurse-to-patient ratio, the greater amount of direct nursing care activity for the patient. Also, the more direct nursing activities influenced a lower mortality rate, complication rate and readmission rate, shorter length of stay.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2021

PURPOSE: Social participation is essential for stroke survivors. Although participation restrictions are affected by several factors, a few studies have focused on the effects of living in a particular residential area (urban versus rural) on the participation restrictions after a stroke. This study examined the factors affecting participation restrictions in stroke survivors according to the residential area. METHODS: One hundred sixty-six stroke patients (including 130 living in urban areas and 36 living in rural areas) were recruited for this study. The Korean Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) was used to assess the activities of daily living (ADL). The Korean Mini-Mental Examination Status (MMSE-K) was used to assess cognition. The motor function was evaluated using the Fugl-Meyer function assessment (FMA). Path analysis was used to test the hypothesized model of participation restriction. RESULTS: The proposed path model showed good fit indices. In rural and urban areas, the direct effects were significant between the ADL and participation restrictions (β = -.673 and -.457, respectively). For urban areas, the direct effects were significant between cognition and participation restrictions (β = -.252). In both area types, motor function and cognition had a significant direct effect on the ADL. CONCLUSION: For urban community-dwelling stroke survivors, the ADL and cognition had direct effects on participation restrictions. For rural area stroke survivors, the ADL had direct effects on participation restrictions. Activity level exercise programs help reduce the participation restrictions. Moreover, it is essential to address cognition training to improve participation in urban community-dwelling stroke survivors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.7
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• pp.95-108
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• 2008

The major purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of intergenerational transmission of self-differentiation on psychological adjustment of college students. Specifically, the present study endeavored to test the causal model focusing on the effect of the father's and the mother's self-differentiation on college student's psychological adjustment through the student's self-differentiation. The data were collected from 254 male and 293 female college students and their parents by using self-administered questionnaire method. The casual model was tested through structural equation model by using AMOS 7.0 program. The results showed that mother's and father's self-differentiation had direct and indirect effect on student's psychological adjustment. The results showed that both mother's and father's self-differentiation had direct effect on son's self-differentiation level, which directly influenced his psychological adjustment. The test of structural equation model also revealed that daughter's self-differentiation level was positively influenced only by mother's self-differentiation, while father's self-differentiation did not influenced female student's self-differentiation. Both male and female student's psychological adjustment was directly influenced by his or her self-differentiation level.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2011

After the launch of PCS in 1997, the mobile telephone industry has achieved a remarkable growth in market share and sales, and substituted for long-distance wire communication market. This study investigates the interrelationships between the two markets in transition and attempts to perform the statistical tests if the diffusion of mobile telephone was the direct factor for the reduction in sales of long-distance communication industry. The evidence of the direct substitution effect between the two markets is not likely to be found. Unlike the general expectations, the test result seems to prove the sustained initial complementary relation for awhile.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2002

This paper presents the determination of incentive level of Direct Load Control (DLC) program based on California Test. In the most of the Demand-Side Management (DSM) program, the variables art given by constant value during the DSM program's life time. But, in the case of DLC, variables are depen-dent on the executing number and time of the DLC per year. Therefore, we formulate a newly designed Cal-ifornia Test technique to overcome these problems and to apply effectively to the determination of incentive level of the DLC program. We perform case studies for various scenarios using a proposed formulation and review incentive level of the current DLC program. And we propose a plan to activate the DLC program in the competitive electricity market.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.170-179
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• 2013

There is a correct way to avoid any sequale in the central motor area during neurosurgery procedures. A clear way to find the circumference of the central sulcus, central motor, and sensory areas by giving cortical electrical stimulation to the central motor area immediate after surgery is proposed. Looking at patients who underwent brain surgery September 2009 to July 2013, the central sulcus and speech areas around the central area of the brain was investigated, using the practices of either a localized brain map check or a direct cortical electrical stimulation test. Brain maps localized around the surgical site through functional movement or speech areas were identified. Accurate tests done during surgery without damage to motor neurons or after surgery were conducted smoothly. Although successful brain map test localization can be accomplished, there are some factors that can interfere. The following phenomena can reverse the phase: (1) the first sensory / motor in the case of patients severe nerve damage; (2) placement of the electrode on top of the vessel; (3) presence of a brain tumor near the brain cortex; (4) use of anesthesia if patient cooperation is difficult; and (5) location of the electrode position and stimulus is inappropriate.