• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2012

The maximum unit point resistance ($q_{max}$) of rock socketed drilled shafts subjected to axial loads was investigated by a numerical analysis. A 3D Finite Difference Method (FDM) analysis and a Distinct Element Method (DEM) analysis were performed with varying rock elastic modulus (E), discontinuity spacing ($S_j$), discontinuity dip angle ($i_j$), and pile diameter (D). Based on the results of obtained, it was found that the ultimate point resistance ($q_{max}$) increased as rock elastic modulus (E) and rock discontinuity spacing ($S_j$) increased. But, it was found that $q_{max}$ decreased as pile diameter (D) increased. As for the influence of the dip angle of rock discontinuity ($i_j$), it was shown that $q_{max}$ decreased up to 50% of maximum value within the range of $0^{\circ}$ < $i_j$ < $60^{\circ}$ due to the shear failure at rock discontinuities. Furthermore, it was found that if $20^{\circ}{\leq}i_j{\leq}40^{\circ}$, influence of $i_j$ should be taken into account because $q_{max}$ tended to approach a minimum value as $i_j$ approached a value near the friction angle of the discontinuity (${\phi}_j$).

• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.8 no.1 s.28
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

Steady and unsteady cavitation characteristics of turbopump inducer were investigated in this paper. To investigate the effect of blade angle on the inducer performance, three inducers with inlet tip blade angle of $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ},\;6.1^{\circ}$, respectively, were tested. For $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers in the non-cavitating condition, head decreased linearly with flow rate, but head-flow rate curve had a dip at the flow coefficient ${\psi}=0.065$ for $6.1^{\circ}$ inducer. Attached cavitation and cavitation surge were found in the $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers in the cavitation tests. During the attached cavitation one cell rotated at the same rotational speed as that of the inducer. The cavitation surge did not rotate and the oscillating frequency was $7{\sim}20\;Hz$. From the curve of the critical cavitation number versus flow rate, it was found that the steady cavitation performance of $6.1^{\circ}$ inducer was much lower than that of $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.174-180
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• 2011

An anisotropic version of Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is proposed in order to provide a strength criterion for transversely isotropic rock. The concept of fabric tensor introduced by Pietruszczak & Mroz (2001) is employed to define the friction angle and cohesion as scalar functions of the fabric tensors. The anisotroy in these two strength parameters are calculated in association with the consideration of the relative rotation between the principal stress coordinate and the principal material triad. The critical plane on which the anisotropic function maximized is found by an optimization technique based on the Lagrange multiplier method. To demonstrate the performance of the anisotropic failure criterion, conventional triaxial tests on the samples having various inclinations of weakness plane are simulated and the resulting triaxial strength and dip angle of failure plane are discussed.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.1515-1519
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• 2005

Tungsten oxide-modified TiO2 thin films were formed on a glass substrate by sol-gel and dip coating processes using acetyl acetone as a chelating agent. The hydrophilic properties of the thin films were investigated with illumination of UV light. The dependence of water contact angle on material composition and morphology of the film is established with SEM image and AFM profile. The surface morphology was controlled with the change of precursor concentration. 0.01 M of tungsten oxide-modified Ti$O_2$ have shown the highest hydrophilicity after UV-irradiation. The effect of composition on photoinduced hydrophilicity of the W$O_3$-Ti$O_2$ films was also investigated. The films were characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM and XPS.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1613-1617
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• 2003

In the phosphoric acid based etchant, the dissolution rates of Mo films were measured by microgravimetry and the corrosion potentials of Mo and Al were estimated by Tafel plot method with various concentrations of nitric acid. Dissolution rate of Mo increased with the nitric acid concentration and reached a limiting value at high concentration of nitric acid in ambient condition. Corrosion potentials of Mo and Al shifted to positive direction and the difference between potentials of both metals was about 1,100 mV and 1,200 mV with 1% and above 4% of $HNO_3$, respectively. For a Mo/Al bilayers, the dissolution rate inversion is the main reason for good taper angle in shower etching process. Taper angles are observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) after wet etching process for Mo/Al layered films with different concentrations of $HNO_3$. In the etch side profile, it was found that Al corroded faster than Mo below 4% of $HNO_3$ in dip etching process, however, Mo corroded faster above 4%. Trend for variation of taper angle of etched side of Mo/Al layered film can be explained by considering the effect corrosion rates of both metals with various concentrations of $HNO_3$.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 2008

A $ZrO_2$ coating solution containing $ZrO_2$ photo-catalysis, which is transparent in visible light, was prepared by the hydrolysis of alkoxide, and thin films on the $SiO_2$ glass substrate were formed in a dipcoating method. These thin films were heat-treated at temperatures ranging from $250^{\circ}C-800^{\circ}C$ and their characteristics were subjected to thermal analysis, XRD, spectrometry, SEM, EDS, contact angle measurement, and AFM. Tetragonal $ZrO_2$ phase was found in the thin film heat treated at $450^{\circ}C$, and anatase $TiO_2$ phase was detected in the thin film heat-treated at $600^{\circ}C$ and above. The thickness of the films was approximately 300 nm, and the roughness was 0.66 nm. Thus, the film properties are excellent. The films are super hydrophilic with a contact angle of $4.0^{\circ}$; moreover, they have self-cleaning effect due to the photo catalytic property of anatase $TiO_2$.

• 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.12a
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• pp.333-339
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• 2003

Steady and unsteady cavitation characteristics of turbopump inducer were investigated in this paper. To see the effect of blade angle on the inducer performance, three inducers with inlet tip blade angle of $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ},\;6.1^{\circ}$, respectively, were tested. For $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers in the non-cavitating condition, head decreased linearly with flow rate, but head-flow rate curve had a dip at the flow coefficient ${\Phi}=0.065\;for\;6.1^{\circ}$ inducer. Rotating cavitation and cavitation surge were found in the $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers in the cavitation tests. During the rotating cavitation one cell rotated at the same rotational speed as that of the inducer. The cavitation surge did not rotate and the oscillating frequency was $7{\sim}20\;Hz$. From the curve of the critical cavitation number versus flow rate, it was found that the steady cavitation performance of $6.1^{\circ}$ inducer was much lower than that of $7.8^{\circ},\;7.0^{\circ}$ inducers.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

The process of slope stability analysis is one of the most important stages in design of some civil and mining projects. Bimslopes are made from bimrocks (block-in-matrix rocks) where rocky blocks are distributed in a bonded matrix of finer texture. These kind of slopes are often seen in weathered and near-surface depths. Previous studies have shown that VBP (Volumetric Block Proportion) is one of the most significant factors affecting bimrocks strength and consequently the stability of bimslopes. In this paper, the influence of block inclinations on bimslope stability have been investigated. For this purpose, 180 theoretical models have been made with various VBPs, all of them have a specified block size distribution. These bimslopes contain blocks with differing dips relative the slope inclination. Also for each kind of block inclination, 10 different blocks arrangements have been modeled. The Finite Element Method (FEM) was used to analysis the stability of these bimslopes models. The results showed the inclination of blocks has a strong impact on the Safety Factor and stability of bimslopes. When the difference in angle of dip of blocks relative to the slope angle is maximum, the Safety Factor of bimslopes tends to be a maximum compared with the matrix-only state. Furthermore, with increasing VBP of bimslopes stability increases. The graphs obtained from this study could be used for preliminary guidance in the projects design with bimslopes.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.139-151
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• 2021

By the end of December 2020, an earthquake with Mw about 6.4 hit Sisak-Moslavina County, Croatia. The town of Petrinja was the most affected region with major power outage and many buildings collapsed. The damage also affected neighbor countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia. As a light of this devastating event, a deformation map due to this earthquake could be generated by using remote sensing imagery from Sentinel-1 SAR data. InSAR could be used as deformation map but still affected with noise factor that could problematize the exact deformation value for further research. Thus in this study, 17 SAR data from Sentinel-1 satellite is used in order to generate the multi-temporal interferometry utilize Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS). Mean deformation map that has been compensated from error factors such as atmospheric, topographic, temporal, and baseline errors are generated. Okada model then applied to the mean deformation result to generate the modeled earthquake, resulting the deformation is mostly dominated by strike-slip with 3 meter deformation as right lateral strike-slip. The Okada sources are having 11.63 km in length, 2.45 km in width, and 5.46 km in depth with the dip angle are about 84.47° and strike angle are about 142.88° from the north direction. The results from this modeling can be used as learning material to understand the seismic activity in the latest 2020 Petrinja, Croatia Earthquake.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.96-107
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• 1993

This paper deals with the analysis of rock slope stability using the distinct element method. This method consists in analysis of the interaction of discrete block assemblage delimited by elementary joints, which permits to consider the heterogeneous, anisotropic and discontinuous features of the rock mass. In particular, we were able to show that this method, and especially the BRIG3D software, is an outstanding tool which gives informations of greatest interest in order to analyze the toppling mechanisms. We have confirmed the fundamental role of the rock mass structure with different simulations. In the case of toppling phenomena, the essential parameter is the dip of major discontinuities. It has an influence on the intensity and volume of deformations. The anisotropic and heterogeneous features of the rock mass play also an important role. It is proved by insertion of thick rock bars in the structure or varying rock block sizes in the mass. These models modified considerably the stress distribution and the deformation distribution. Finally, we have analyzed the influence of mechanical parameters such as friction angle and tangential stiffness.