• Toxicological Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.47-50
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• 1991

Hematological studies in two strains of normal laboratory mice, namely ICR and ddY which were produced in Koren were carried out. Blood analysis was performed by using different methods, a fully automated analyzer (ELT 1, 500), Coulter counter (model S plus IV) and manual technique to examine possible differences resulting from methodolgies'slight differences among the values of blood parameters were obtained. There was a slight difference noted between sexes, however, similar values were obtained from both strains.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.310-313
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• 1996

Acute oral toxicity studies of KDRD-002 (Coriolus versicolor polysaccharide :DDB= 19.2:1) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. In this study, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examinations for 7 days after single oral administration of KDRD-002 with different dose levels. KDRD-002 did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral LD$_{50}$ value was over 3.25 g/kg in rats.s.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-79
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• 1965

밤나무산누에나방(Dictyploca japonica)의 아미노산을 paper chromatogrphy법을 이용하여 용에서 난까지 정성적으로 분석하였다. 1. 분석 결과 19 종의 유리아미노산이 검출되었으며 각 stage는 유리아미노산의 정성적 pattern의 변동을 보였다. 2. Serine은 전 stage에서 높은 농도로 검출되었다. 3. 유리아미노산의 정류수는 종류수는 나방이의 발생과 더불어 증가하고 일반적으로 male 보다는 female 에 있어서 그 수가 많았다. 4. Tryptophane은 각 stage에서 전연 검출되지 않았다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.1 s.68
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of dimethyl disulfide by 3 weeks inhalation in F344 rats. The test article, dimethyl disulfide was exposed by inhalation to male and female rats at dose levels of 0, 5, 25, or 125 ppm/6 hrs/ day for 3 weeks. Five rats/ sex/ group were sacrificed on day 4 after the initiation of treatment, while 5 rats/ sex/ group were sacrificed at the end of treatment period. During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weights, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, and gross findings were examined. Slight decreases in body weight gain were noted in both sexes of the highest dose group in a dose dependent manner but were only statistically different from the control animals in males of the group. A slight non-significant reduction in food consumption were also noted in the both sexes of the highest dose group. There were no adverse effects on mortality, clinical signs, hematology, serum biochemistry, and necropsy findings at any dose tested. Based on these results, it was concluded that the 3 weeks repeated dose of dimethyl disulfide by inhalation resulted in suppressed body weight gain and decreased food consumption at 125 ppm of both sexes. In the present experimental conditions, the target organ was not determined in rats. The no­observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 25 ppm/6 hrs/day for both sexes.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.331-347
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• 2016

Sexual dimorphism is the most conspicuous difference between the sexes. This study examines possible sexual dimorphism and the relative growth patterns of morphometric characteristics in the marine medaka, Oryzias dancena for their potential to help differentiate between males and females of this species. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters estimated by a non-linear regression method were $L_{\infty}=30.2mm$, K=3.22/year, and ${\tau}_0=-0.05$. All 18 characteristics measured showed a difference between males and females from 70 days after hatching. Each of these characteristics were significantly different between sexes (ANCOVA, P<0.05), and the ratio of standard length between sexes showed that males were larger than females for all five morphometric measurements. Fin length measurements were taken for 21 distances of anal fin and 7 distances of dorsal fin between landmarks. There were all differences for all dorsal fin rays between the males and the females and there is significant difference in 70 days after their hatch when the sexual dimorphism is presented. The significant difference (P<0.05) in fin ray for male and female was more greatly seen as they grow. Male marine medaka showed more rapid growth than females, with longer length, dorsal fins and anal fins. Differences in these characteristics will be useful during experiments when it is necessary to differentiate between sexes of marine medaka.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2004

Numerical measurements were made for fresh weight, body length and width, head width, and color and length of antenna of Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus adults, a primary vector of pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus in Korea. We measured 563 females and 601 males that emerged out of dead pine logs from 2001 to 2002. General linear model analysis showed that measurements of fresh weight, body length, and body width were significantly higher in females than in males. Head width was not significantly different between sexes. Antennal length of males was significantly longer than that of females. For females and males respectively, average fresh weights were 0.305g and 0.277g, body lengths 20.97mm and 19.93mm, body widths 6.52mm and 6.18mm, head widths 3.78mm and 3.70mm, and antennal lengths 31.19mm and 45.49 mm. Antennal length or ratio of antennal length to body length overlapped in some ranges between 2 sexes. Therefore antennal length itself or ratio of antennal length to body length could not be used as a definite criterion to discriminate sexes. However, check on color of the antennae of 4,033 adults revealed without exception that basal part of every segment of flagellum of female antenna was covered with whitish-grey hairs, while whole part of every segment of male flagellum was covered with brownish-black hairs. This characteristics might be a best way to differentiate sex of this species.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2012

The sex ratio and spatial structure of different sexes are major components that affect the reproductive success and population persistence of dioecious plants. The differential reproductive costs between male and female plants are often believed to cause a biased sex ratio and spatial segregation of the sexes through slower growth and/or lower female survivorship. In this study, we examined the sex ratio and spatial structure of one population of $Torreya$ $nucifera$ trees in Jeju Island, Korea. We also tested the effects of the current tending actions in relation to tree vitality. At the population level, the sex ratio of the 2,861 trees was significantly biased toward males; however, it also showed considerable variation among different diameter at breast height classes and across habitats according to terrain level (from upper to lower). In 1999, before tree management (tending) began, among the ecological traits examined, only climber coverage correlated with tree vitality. Intensive tending such as climber removal since 1999 clearly enhanced the vitality of the majority of trees, but its effects were more conspicuous in medium-sized trees than in small ones, in upper terrain trees than those in other terrains, and in females than in males. Both male tree domination in small and large trees and tending effects on females are likely to reflect the effects of female reproductive costs regarding growth and/or survivorship. Spatial segregation between males and females was not observed in $T.$ $nucifera$. Habitat heterogeneity created by the forest's rocky ground and its implications regarding sex ratios and spatial structure require further studies.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2011

The mechanism by which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) control gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied in male and female rainbow trout using cultured pituitary cells obtained at different reproductive stages. The mechanisms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by GnRH and DA could not be determined yet. However, basal and salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH)- or chicken-II-type GnRH (cGnRH-II)- induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release increased with gonadal maturation in both sexes. LH release activity was higher after sGnRH stimulation than cGnRH-II stimulation at maturing stages in both sexes. The GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) suppressed LH release by sGnRH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weak in maturing fish. The role of DA as a GTH-release inhibitory factor differs during the reproductive cycle: the inhibition of sGnRH-stimulated LH release by DA was stronger in immature fish than in maturing, ovulating, or spermiated fish. DA did not completely inhibit sGnRH-stimulated LH release, and DA alone did not alter basal LH release. Relatively high doses ($10^{-6}$ or $10^{-5}M$) of domperidone (DOM, a DA D2 antagonist) increased LH release, which did not change with reproductive stage in either sex. The potency of DOM to enhance sGnRH-stimulated LH release was higher in maturing and ovulated fish than in immature fish. These data suggest that LH release from the pituitary gland is controlled by dual neuroendocrine mechanisms by GnRH and DA in rainbow trout, as has been reported in other teleosts. The mechanism of control of FSH release, however, remains unknown.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2023

Objective: Morphometric and morphological evaluation of the mandibular condyle in adults and to identify its correlation with skeletal malocclusion patterns. Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography scans of 135 adult patients were used in this study and classified into groups according to four criteria: (1) sex (male and female); (2) sagittal skeletal discrepancy (Class I, Class II, and Class III); (3) vertical skeletal discrepancy (hyperdivergent, normodivergent, and hypodivergent); and age (group 1 ≤ 20 years, 21 ≤ group 2 < 30, and group 3 ≥ 30 years). The morphometrical variables were mandibular condyle height and width, and the morphological variable was the mandibular condyle shape in coronal and sagittal sections. Three-dimensional standard tessellation language files were created using itk-snap (open-source software), and measurements were performed using Meshmixer (open-source software). Results: The mandibular condyle height was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in patients with class III malocclusion than in those with class I or II malocclusion; the mandibular condyle width was not significantly different among different sexes, age groups, and sagittal and vertical malocclusions. There were no statistical associations between various mandibular condyle shapes and the sexes, age groups, and skeletal malocclusions. Conclusions: The condylar height was greatest in patients with class III malocclusion. The condylar height and width were greater among males than in females. The mandibular condyle shapes observed in sagittal and coronal sections did not affect the skeletal malocclusion patterns.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1725-1733
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• 2019

Objective: Evaluate the partial replacement of soybean meal with different protein sources in piglet feed during the nursery phase in terms of digestibility of feed, nitrogen balance, growth performance and blood parameters. Methods: Experiment I involved 24 crossbred entire male pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of $18.28{\pm}0.7kg$ and used a randomized complete block design consisting of 3 treatments (fish meal, FM; soybean protein concentrate, SPC; and soybean meal, SBM) and 8 replicates, with 1 pig per experimental unit. Experiment II involved 1,843 crossbred male and female pigs with an initial BW of $6.79{\pm}0.90kg$ and was based on a completely randomized design with a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (2 sexes and 3 protein sources) and 13 replicates. Results: The results of Exp. I indicate effects (p<0.05) of dietary protein sources on digestible protein (FM, 17.84%; SPC, 16.72%, and SBM, 18.13%) and on total nitrogen excretion (TNE, $g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$) in which pigs fed with SBM-based feed had TNE values that were 5.36% and 3.72% greater than SPC and FM, respectively. In the Exp. II, there was difference (p<0.01) between sexes in the pre-starter I and starter phases, and total period in average daily feed intake (ADFI), which were greater in females, and between the protein sources, ADFI, final weight and daily weight gain. For urea in the pre-starter II and starter phases and glucose in the pre-starter II phase, there was a difference (p<0.05) between protein sources and between sexes, in starter phase in urea concentrations (females: 57.11 mg/dL and males: 50.60 mg/dL). Conclusion: The use of SBM as only protein source influences larger TNE ($g/kg\;BW^{0.75}/d$), reduces the growth performance of piglets and increases plasma urea concentrations in prestarter II phase.