• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 1973

The paper deals with a study on an electronic watering device. The system is designed to scan 10 probes so that they detect moisture of soil. Input potentials are compared with reference level before the system is watering. rt provides a main clock oscillator and a control oscillator for the system control, and a programmable unijunction transistor is used for the control circuit. The reference levels are adjustable so as to water various soils. The device is tested for two different sails of moisture content ranging from 6 to 51%. It works at any input level higher than 0.6 V compared to the reference level.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.273-282
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• 2006

This study has evaluated the visual preference factor of Keum river sceneries which could vary according to the change of water level while other scenic environment near by the river did not change. 1) At Gap Cheon site, the variances of the visual preferences for river scenery at different water level are determined as emotional, physical, aesthetic and individual factor. At Mujoo site, the variances of the visual preferences are determined as only two factors such as emotional and physical factors. Those factors show significant relations. All of the visual preferences are increased as the increase of preference factors. Also decreasing of preference factors result in decreasing of visual preferences. 2) In multiple regression model, both the Gap cheon site and Mujoo site show that the increase of emotional factor affect most to visual preference when other conditions are fixed. The physical factor affect less than the emotional factor. At Gap cheon site, the relative importance level which the preference factors contribute to the visual preference appears as the order of emotional, physical, aesthetic and individual factor. Emotional factor's importance level is 4.2 times greater than individual factor. At Mujoo site, the relative importance level which the preference factors contribute to the visual preference appears as the order of emotional and physical factor. The emotional factor's importance level is 1.1 times greater than physical factor. It is clearly indicate that the emotional factor is most important preference factor in both study sites. The factor analysis results of Keum river scenery at different water level using the visual evaluation method affect a lot to the quantification of river instream flow and water level.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.206-213
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• 2010

This study, for church architectural amenities for the aged, with a base of 'laws on securing promotion of convenience for the disabled, aged, and pregnant women,' would like to propose improvement program after figuring out church worker (priest)'s willingness for amenities improvement, request of the aged church members, and level of request by different ages of the aged church members and total number of church members. The scope of geographical range for the study is limited to Northern side of Han River in Seoul and the churches with its own building having 500 to 3,000 people attending services, and implementation range, with a base of laws on promotion of convenience, separates specific items into mediation facility, interior facility, sanitary facility, and other facilities. The study selected 40 workers in church and 339 aged church members as subjects. As analysis method for the study, we have measured reliance level of questions by performing reliance test on each question, and performed frequency analysis in order to observe church worker's willingness to improve and request level of the aged church members. And, in order to find out the difference on opinion by the aged church members and total number of church members, we have performed "One way ANOVA," that verifies average difference. For evidence analysis we have verified all of them in attention level of p<.05, and for statistics analysis we have analyzed them using SPSSWIN 12.0 program. We are proposing improvement program based on study and analysis as next: First, since most of church workers have strong willingness to improve amenities we have learned that it is very optimistic to see improvements on church's amenities in the future. Second, since the aged church members' level of request was high on 3 of mediation facilities, elevators, and restrooms, it is desirable to improve mainly with these facilities. Third, the result on level of request for facilities based on the total number of church members revealed that the churches with 1,000-2,000 members have the highest level of request. Thus, we feel that the churches with 1,000-2,000 members should try harder to improve compared with churches with different number of members. Fourth, since the level of request on church amenities by different age group showed that the age group with 65-70 had the highest level of request on all facilities, except elevators, there are needs to apply the opinions of this age group more in depth based on this result.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.189-205
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• 2003

The purpose： This study was to get database of health service for smoking prevention through investigating the state of the students' experience, knowledge and attitude on smoking. Method： The subjects were cosisted of 545 students who were currently enrolled in 3, 4, 5 and 6th grade of 4 primary school in J community. The instruments for this study were Smoking Knowledge and Smoking Attitude questionaire (40 items) developed by WHO(l982). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOY A and Chi- square test with SAS program were used to analyze the data. Result： Among the students 10.8％ answered they had the experience of smoking, while 0.5％ said they are current smokers. The experience of smoking related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to sex, grade and received or not received of smoking exhort. With regard to smokers smoking behavior, first beginning time of smoking was most by 29.8％ preschooler and the first motive of smoking was most by 80.8％ curiosity. The main smoking area is most by 31.1 ％ own house or friend's house. The main purchase route of tobacco appeared by thing which house(father or brother's tobacco) most by 34.9％. Smoking period was most less than 1 day and smoking frequency was most stops while bum sometimes. The amount for a day was less than one cigarette. Smoking time was appeared highest when curiosity occurs. Students' knowledge level about smoking prevention is high comparatively to mean 15.44(±2.66). Smoking prevention knowledge level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to the grade, academic score and learned or not of smoking prevention. Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention knowledge level is high in students who results high grade, high academic score level and learned of smoking prevention. Students' attitude level about smoking prevention was high level to mean 55.90(±3.58). Smoking prevention attitude level related to general characteristics were showed significantly different according to academy score and received or not of smoking exhort(t＝2.33, p＝.020). Therefore, was expose that the smoking prevention attitude level is high in students who result high academic score level and received of smoking exhort group. Conclusion： It follows from this study that education for smoking prevention should be continued from lower grade students and teaching for refusal skill against smoking is needed.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

HSP70 has widely been induced in in vivo hyperthermia conditions in various organisms to study gene regulation and recently neuroprotectve roles of the induced gene expression under varying conditions. We investigated different responses among various tissues in zebrafish under heat shock to evaluate whether spatial and temporal expression pattern of zebrafish (z) hsp70 in transcriptional and translational level under heat shock stress in different brain regions. Heat shock groups were given for 1 h at $37^{\circ}C$ after recovery by transferring the treated animals back to $28^{\circ}C$ for 1, 2 and 24 h for recovery, respectively. Control (CTRL) group was kept at $28^{\circ}C$. At the end of treatments, five animals were collected and used for isolation of total RNAs and peptides from the corresponding tissues. Expression of zhsp70 mRNA showed different patterns in recovery periods in the tissues including the brain, eye, intestines, muscles, heart and testis by RT-PCR. Unlike the RT-PCR analysis, Northern blot analysis demonstrated nearly 30-fold increase in zhsp70 at 1 h heat shock, suggesting that RT-PCR may not be appropriate in unmasking regulation of the time-dependent zhsp70 expression. In the experiment involving different brain regions, the cerebellum showed gradual activation at 1 h to R1h and decreases in R2h and R24h, while the medulla oblongata and optic tectum showed gradual increase at R1h and decrease at R24h, indicating that different brain tissues respond specifically to heat shock in inducing zhsp70 and recovering from the heat shock status. Western blot analysis also demonstrated that the intracellular levels of zHSP70 in three different brain regions including the cerebellum, medulla oblongata and optic tectum are differently induced and recovered to normal state. These results clearly demonstrate that different regions of the body and the brain tissues are responding differently to heat shock in the aspects of its level of expression and speed of recovery.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.24-28
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• 1993

Even though the price level of organic rice is 20% higher than conventional product, 25% of the total surveyed consumers are willing to purchse organic rice of different income level, the monthly average income was 1, 100, 000Won. 35% of the total consumers in this income class is willing to purchase organic rice.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.314-321
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• 2012

To quantitatively assess the effects of turbidity on egg development and larval fish survival, a laboratory fish rearing experiment was applied to different life stages (newly hatched larval stage, juvenile stage and pre-adult stage) of the Zacco platypus, one of the most universal and tolerant species in Korea. According to the stress index of turbidity in water with exposure time, three different treatments, including a reference condition (1~7 NTU) as well as intermediate (20~150 NTU) and high turbidity conditions (400~1,000 NTU) were applied, and egg hatching and larval fish mortality rates were observed. The mortality rates of newly hatched larval fish were significantly different among treatments (ANOVA, $F_{2,3}$=17.79, p<0.05). Average rates of survival to hatching were 20.9% (${\pm}0.1%$) for reference condition, 11% (${\pm}6.9%$) for intermediate level and 3.2% (${\pm}3.7%$) for high level conditions, respectively. A sudden change of mortality at the high level was observed within 5 days of the experiment. About 84% of juvenile fish survived until 20 experimental periods under conditions of reference turbidity, while survival under conditions of intermediate turbidity was over 80% of larval fish until day 13 of the experiment, but dropped to less than 10% after day 14 and 15 of two experiments. Fish mortality appeared from day 6 of the high turbidity experiment, and 50% mortality was achieved at day 9 to 10 of experiment. Full mortality occurred at day 14 of the experiment (RM-ANOVA, $F_{2,38}$, p<0.005). In the pre-adult stage experiment, no mortality was observed during the experiment at reference level treatment (20 days), while only slight mortality rates were observed for both intermediate and high levels until day 5 of the experiment, however, no further fish died in either experiment. It was significantly different compared to reference condition (RM-ANOVA, $F_{2,20}$=8.28, p<0.01), but no difference was observed between intermediate and high level conditions. Consequently, this tolerant species has been determined to be well adapted to high levels of turbidity in its adult stage, but more vulnerable throughout earlier life stages.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.431-441
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• 2006

This study investigated the physiological characteristics of biofilm microorganisms formed onto the different drinking water distribution pipe surfaces. The simulated drinking water distribution pipe system which had several PVC, STS 304, and GS coupons was operated at flow velocity of 0.08 m/sec (Re 1,950) and 0.28 m/sec (Re 7,300), respectively. At velocity of 0.08 m/sec, the number of viable heterotrophic bacteria in the biofilm over the 3 months of operation averaged $3.3{\times}10^4$, $8.7{\times}10^4$, and $7.2{\times}10^3CFU/cm^2$ for PVC, STS, and GS surfaces, respectively. The number of attached heterotrophic bacteria averaged $1.4{\times}10^3$, $5.6{\times}10^2$, and $6.5{\times}10^2CFU/cm^2$ on PVC, STS, and GS surfaces at the system with relatively high flow velocity of 0.28m/sec. The changes of physiological profile of biofilm-forming microorganisms were characterized by community-level assay that utilized the Biolog GN microplates. Biofilms that formed on different pipe surfaces displayed distinctive patterns of community-level physiological profile (CLPP), which reflected the metabolic preference for different carbon sources and/or the utilization of these carbon sources to varying degrees. The CLPP patterns have shown that the metabolic potential of a biofilm community was different depending on the pipe material. The effect of the pipe material was also characterized differently by operation condition such as flow rate. At flow velocity of 0.08 m/sec, the metabolic potential of biofilm microorganisms on GS surface showed lower levels than PVC and STS biofilms. For biofilms on pipe material surfaces exposed to water flowing at 0.28 m/sec, the metabolic potential was in order of PVC>GS>STS. Generally, the levels of the bacterial biofilm's metabolic potentials were shown to be notably higher on pipe surfaces exposed to water at 0.08 m/sec when compared to those on pipe surfaces exposed to water at 0.28 m/sec.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.125-135
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• 2010

Body motions are commonly used to express emotions in virtual characters based on body parts, which are frequently employed in games. For this purpose, it is necessary to create different types of animations corresponding to the emotions shown by virtual characters. Therefore, a large of number of animations should be created for different gestures depending on the level of human emotion. In this paper, we propose a method for displaying gestures with various degrees of complexity on the basis of the level of emotion in virtual characters. In particular, this method can be used to display passive and exaggerated expressions by adding weighted values to the frames that rotate the characters to make them show different gestures depending on the level of emotion. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, we use the Emotional Animation Tool (EATool), with which body-weighted values can be applied to the actual or virtual characters. After assigning different emotions to walking motions in the newly developed environment, we apply different body-weighted values depending on the level of each emotion. The results of a comparative test reveal that a given type of walking motion differs with the level of emotion.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.65-65
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• 2002

In remote sensing, images are acquired over the same area by sensors of different spectral ranges (from the visible to the microwave) and/or with different number, position, and width of spectral bands. These images are generally partially redundant, as they represent the same scene, and partially complementary. For many applications of image classification, the information provided by a single sensor is often incomplete or imprecise resulting in misclassification. Fusion with redundant data can draw more consistent inferences for the interpretation of the scene, and can then improve classification accuracy. The common approach to the classification of multisensor data as a data fusion scheme at pixel level is to concatenate the data into one vector as if they were measurements from a single sensor. The multiband data acquired by a single multispectral sensor or by two or more different sensors are not completely independent, and a certain degree of informative overlap may exist between the observation spaces of the different bands. This dependence may make the data less informative and should be properly modeled in the analysis so that its effect can be eliminated. For modeling and eliminating the effect of such dependence, this study employs a strategy using self and conditional information variation measures. The self information variation reflects the self certainty of the individual bands, while the conditional information variation reflects the degree of dependence of the different bands. One data set might be very less reliable than others in the analysis and even exacerbate the classification results. The unreliable data set should be excluded in the analysis. To account for this, the self information variation is utilized to measure the degrees of reliability. The team of positively dependent bands can gather more information jointly than the team of independent ones. But, when bands are negatively dependent, the combined analysis of these bands may give worse information. Using the conditional information variation measure, the multiband data are split into two or more subsets according the dependence between the bands. Each subsets are classified separately, and a data fusion scheme at decision level is applied to integrate the individual classification results. In this study. a two-level algorithm using hierarchical clustering procedure is used for unsupervised image classification. Hierarchical clustering algorithm is based on similarity measures between all pairs of candidates being considered for merging. In the first level, the image is partitioned as any number of regions which are sets of spatially contiguous pixels so that no union of adjacent regions is statistically uniform. The regions resulted from the low level are clustered into a parsimonious number of groups according to their statistical characteristics. The algorithm has been applied to satellite multispectral data and airbone SAR data.