• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to compare the agronomic characteristics and productivity in induced vetch cultivars at paddy field of Cheonan (National Institute of Animal Science) and Naju (Jeollanam-Do Agricultural Research and Extension) from 2004 to 2006. The vetch cultivars used in this study were 6 varieties ('VV4712', 'Welta', 'Penn-02', 'Ostsaat', 'Oregon com.', 'Sander 2'). At the Naju region, the most fast flowering date variety was Chinese milk vetch, Sander 2 was very late as 20th May. The average dry matter (DM) content was 21.7%. Vetch cultivars were severely different. 'Oregon com.' showed the highest DM yield by 5,406 kg/ha but the DM yield of 'Ostsaat' was low by 4,852 kg/ha. At the Cheonan region, the most fast flowering date variety was Korean milk vetch, Sander 2 was very late as 25th May. The average dry matter (DM) content was 16.9%. Vetch cultivars were severely different. 'Welta' and 'Ostsaat' showed the highest DM yield by 2,173 kg/ha and 1,883 kg/ha respectively, but the DM yield of 'VV4712' was low by 1,079 kg/ha. Crude protein (CP) content of vetch was 11.5%. 'Sander 2' showed the highest CP content by 14.4% and Chinese milk vetch showed the highest content by 19.3%. Average acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and total digestible nutrient (TDN) content were 26.8%, 42.2% and 67.5%, respectively. The results of this experiments indicated that the productivity of vetch cultivar varied from winter hardness, therefore we will consider the winter hardness as main factor when induce vetch cultivars. According to the results obtained from this study, it is suggested that 'Oregon com.' at the Naju region and 'Welta' and 'Ostsaat' at the Cheonan region would be recommendable for fall sown 'vetch' for dry matter production.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.57 no.4
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• pp.418-423
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• 2012

Field experiments were carried out to improve the cultural practice of potato by analysing its tuberization patterns. Tuberization patterns affected by different altitudes was analyzed at two potato cultivation regions, Jinbu (600 m) and Daegwallyung (800 m) using two potato cultivars, 'Superior' and 'Atlantic'. To analyse tuberization patterns affected by different planting time, seed potatoes were planted at every 10 days from April 19 to May 19 in Daegwallyung. Total dry weight was greater in plant grown at the altitude of 800 m than 600 m during the entire growth period and the highest increase was observed at the early growth period, July 6, comparing to other growth period. The total dry weight was the greatest at 110~112 days after planting (DAP) at the altitude of 800 m and 108~111 DAP at 600 m. There was no significant differences between altitudes and between cultivars. Tuber dry weight per plant at the altitude of 600 m was lower than 800 m on July 6 (58 DAP), but it increased rapidly from July 21 (73 DAP). At both altitudes, the increase of tuber dry weight per plant from July 6 to August 8 was higher than the other growth period. The time of growth period at which tuber dry weight per plant was the highest was similar at both altitudes that was 118~125 DAP at the altitude 800 m and 118~124 DAP at the altitude 600 m. Dry weight per tuber at the altitude 800m was higher than 600 m due to the number of tubers per plant. A higher increase of crop growth rate (CGR) was shown at the altitude 600 m on July 6 (58 DAP), comparing to at 800 m. The highest tuber dry weight per plant of each cultivar was shown when the planting time was April 29 for 'Superior' and was April 19 for 'Atlantic'. Both the tuber dry weight of plant and the total dry weight were lower at a later planting time. Dry weight per tuber increased quickly during the period between June 30 to August 8. Tuberization period was shortened as the planting time was delayed.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 1983

To estimate the possible amount of weed-crop competitions under the various cropping patterns of two rice cultivars of different type, comparisons between weedy check and weed-free plots in plant height, tillering number, and plant weight were investigated. Fluctuations in Importance Value, competition value, and net productivities were used to discuss the crop-weed competition, respectively. As a result, differences in dominant weed species, competitive crop variety, most effective cropping pattern, and crop yielding characteristics under the different weed competitions were investigated, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.71-77
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the characteristics of Chungkookjang depending on different soybeans and fermentation temperatures using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C2 isolated from homemade Chungkookjang. The highest protease activity was 854 U/g in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 847 U/g in black soybean Chungkookjang at $35^{\circ}C$. The highest amylase activity was 3.87 U/g at $40^{\circ}C$ in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 4.96 U/g at $45^{\circ}C$ in black soybean Chungkookjang. The highest reducing sugar content was 16.11 mg/g at $40^{\circ}C$ in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 19.08 mg/g at $45^{\circ}C$ in black soybean Chungkookjang. The highest amino type nitrogen content was 420 mg%/g in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 194 mg%/g in black soybean Chungkookjang at $40^{\circ}C$. The highest pH was 7.92 at $40^{\circ}C$ in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 7.59 at $45^{\circ}C$ in black soybean Chungkookjang. The highest number of viable cell was 9.3 log CFU/g at $40^{\circ}C$ in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and at $35^{\circ}C$ in black soybean Chungkookjang. On the other hand, the lowest ammonia type nitrogen content was 225 mg%/g at $45^{\circ}C$ in yellow soybean Chungkookjang and 80 mg%/g at $40^{\circ}C$ in black soybean Chungkookjang. Yellow soybean Chungkookjang showed high protease activity, pH and amino type nitrogen, whereas black soybean Chungkookjang showed high amylase activity and reducing sugar.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

Research was initiated to investigate the early establishment characteristics and germination patterns of perennial ryegrass (PR, Lolium perenne L.). Eight cultivars of PR were evaluated in the study. Experiment was conducted under a room temperature condition of $6^{\circ}C$ to $23^{\circ}C$ (natural conditions). Daily and cumulative germination patterns were measured and analyzed on a daily basis. Significant differences were observed in germination pattern, days to the first germination, days to 50% germination, days to 75% germination, and germination percentage with different environments and cultivars. Germination percentage was variable with cultivars at the end of study. It was 66.25 to 93.50% under natural conditions. There were considerable variations in the early germination characteristics and germination pattern among the entries according to different conditions. The first germination was initiated between 3 and 5 DAS (days after seeding) under ISTA (International Seed Testing Association) conditions. But it started between 6 and 8 DAS under natural conditions, being 2 to 4 days later as compared with that under ISTA conditions. It was 8 to 12 DAS that reached to days to the 50% germination, which was 2 to 5 days after the first germination. Days to the 75% germination were 10.08 to 13.70 DAS under natural conditions, being 2.07 to 5.70 days slower as compared with ISTA conditions. 'Pennant II' was the fastest cultivar. But the slowest was 'Catalina II' that was 3.62 days later than 'Pennant II' under natural conditions. Considering days to the first germination, days to 75% germination, and germination pattern etc, 'Pennant II' and 'Brightstar II' were regarded as excellent cultivars under both conditions. From this study, information on differences in germination characteristics and patterns would be usefully applied for golf course design and construction, when established with PR.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1785-1791
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• 2012

This study aimed to characterize and compare makgeolli (a Korean rice wine) made using different raw materials. Five cultivars of rice and wheat flour were used as starch materials for makgeolli and assessed for their moisture, crude lipid, crude protein, and crude dietary fiber content. Overall, wheat flour was higher in crude lipid and crude protein and lower in moisture than rice. Makgeolli characteristics were assessed for pH, total acids, organic acids, free sugars, color and appearance. We found no significant differences in pH and total acids between makgeolli made from rice and wheat flour. In addition, the major free sugar in the makgeolli made from rice and wheat flour was glucose, although the content of total free sugars was lower in the wheat flour makgeolli (67.75 mg/mL) than the rice makgeolli (76.41~84.53 mg/mL). In terms of organic acids content, the total organic acid content was highest in the wheat flour makgeolli, while the major organic acids of the makgeolli made from rice and wheat flour were lactic acid and succinic acid, respectively. There were no significant differences in color values among rice makgeolli, but the rice makgeolli was higher in sensory scores (indicating preference) than the wheat flour makgeolli. As the degree of milling increased, moisture, crude lipid, and crude protein in the rice decreased. Acetic acid in the makgeolli also decreased, while there were no significant differences in pH, total acids, free sugars, color values, and sensory scores (except fruitiness). Traditional nuruk (TN) and cultured nuruk (CN) were compared as fermentation starters. Nuruk is a Korean traditional starter for fermentation of makgeolli and a raw material for makgeolli making. The pH in the makgoelli made with TN and CN were 4.29~4.65 and 4.02~4.23, respectively. Total organic acid content was higher in the TN makgeolli (3.5~6.3 mg/mL) compared to the CN makgeolli (2.3~4.3 mg/mL). The content of free sugars in the makgeolli made with CN was higher (59.44~73.34 mg/mL) than that with TN (56.45~59.75 mg/mL). The Hunter color test showed that makgeolli made with TN was lighter and higher in red and yellow color compared to CN. Overall sensory acceptability was higher in the CN makgeolli compared to the TN makgeolli.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 2015

A new commercial strain "Mongdol" of oyster mushroom was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was improved with hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 0627 and dikaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ASI 2929. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$ and $12{\sim}18^{\circ}C$, respectively. When two different media including PDA (potato dextrose agar medium) and MCM (mushroom complete medium) were compared, the mycelial growth of this mushroom was faster in MCM than in PDA. Similar result was observed with the control strain P. ostreatus ASI 2504. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar "Mongdol" showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain ASI 2504, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP3 and URP6 were used. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 106 g using demonstration farms. The color of pileus was blackish gray and the stipe was long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain "Mongdol" will satisfy the consumer's demand for high quality mushrooms.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.568-575
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• 1991

The morpho-anatomical characteristics of panicle in rice plant is generally correlated with the number of spikelets and grain weight per panicle. For the increase of grain yield potential in rice, a low -tillering plant type with large panicles has been suggested as an ideotype. This study was conducted to investigate the panicle morphology and peduncle anatomy of different tillers within a plant in low -and high-tillering cultivars and their relationships on the number of spikelets and grain weight per panicle. A low-tillering, large panicled IR25588 was compared with a high-tillering. small panicled IR58. IR25588 had more inner(IVB) and outer vascular bundles (OVB). bigger peduncle diameter and peduncle thickness just below the panicle neck node than IR58. The top six tillers(M. P1, P2, P3. P4 and S1P2) within a plant had more IVB and OVB. larger peduncle diameter and thickness than the rest of the tillers in both cultivars. Tillers that emerged earlier had more IVB and OVB than tillers that emerged Jater. The total number of primary and secondary rachis-branches of IR25588 was much higher than that of IR58. IR25588 had more number of spikelets per panicle than IR58. and the top six panicles showed more spikelets per panicle than the rest of the panicles in both cultivars. The peduncle diameter was more important than peduncle thickness on the spikelet differentiation and panicle weight. especially in low-tillering cultivars. The number of IVB and OVB were highly correlated with the number of rachis-branches. spikelets and grain weight per panicle. The number of spikelets per IVB and spikelets per primary branch were higher in IR25588 than IR58 indicating the higher sink strength in low -tillering with large panicled cultivars than in high-tillering with small panicled cultivars. Based on the morpho-anatomical characteristics of a low-tillering cultivar and the top six tillers within a plant. the present results could be support that 'a low-tillering sturdy culms with large panicles' is an ideo-type of rice plant for increasing grain yield potential.potential.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.63 no.3
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• pp.229-238
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization amount and timing of application on protein content, dough properties, change in protein fraction, and bread loaf volume for Korean wheat cultivars, Baekkang, Joongmo2008, and Saekeumkang, for bread with a superior gluten composition during the grain filling stage. Protein content increased with an increase in the amount of N and timing of application. The SDS segmentation volume (SDSS) increased with an increase in N, but there was no effect of the timing of N application on SDSS. An increase in N amount and timing of application caused a difference in dough properties, such as water absorption, mixing time, and tolerance, among the cultivars. Soluble and insoluble polymeric and monomeric protein contents increased with an increase in N amount and timing of application the three Korean wheat cultivars. The effects of N amount and application timing on bread loaf volume (BLV) varied among the cultivars. The BLV of Saekeumkang increased regardless of the N amount and timing of application, but that of Baekkang and Joongmo2008 cultivars was reduced. However, there was a positive correlation between protein content with the addition of N fertilization and BLV. In addition, SDSS, mixing time, and protein fractions were positively correlated with BLV. Since the response of fertilizer conditions was different for each wheat cultivar, it is necessary to build a suitable fertilizing system for each of them. Additionally, since the environment is changing, such as abnormal climate during the maturing period, research is needed to establish appropriate fertilizer conditions for varieties of bread wheat.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.8-9
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• 2017

Soybean yield has been low and unstable in Japan and other areas in East Asia, despite long history of cultivation. This is contrasting with consistent increase of yield in North and South America. This presentation tries to describe perspective of breaking stagnation of soybean yield in East Asia, considering the factors of the different yields between regions. Large amount of rainfall with occasional dry-spell in the summer is a nature of monsoon climate and as frequently stated excess water is the factor of low and unstable soybean yield. For example, there exists a great deal of field-to-field variation in yield of 'Tanbaguro' soybean, which is reputed for high market value and thus cultivated intensively and this results in low average yield. According to our field survey, a major portion of yield variation occurs in early growth period. Soybean production on drained paddy fields is also vulnerable to drought stress after flowering. An analysis at the above study site demonstrated a substantial field-to-field variation of canopy transpiration activity in the mid-summer, but the variation of pod-set was not as large as that of early growth. As frequently mentioned by the contest winners of good practice farming, avoidance of excess water problem in the early growth period is of greatest importance. A series of technological development took place in Japan in crop management for stable crop establishment and growth, that includes seed-bed preparation with ridge and/or chisel ploughing, adjustment of seed moisture content, seed treatment with mancozeb+metalaxyl and the water table control system, FOEAS. A unique success is seen in the tidal swamp area in South Sumatra with the Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), which is for managing acidity problem of pyrite soils. In 2016, an average yield of $2.4tha^{-1}$ was recorded for a 450 ha area with SSC (Ghulamahdi 2017, personal communication). This is a sort of raised bed culture and thus the moisture condition is kept markedly stable during growth period. For genetic control, too, many attempts are on-going for better emergence and plant growth after emergence under excess water. There seems to exist two aspects of excess water resistance, one related to phytophthora resistance and the other with better growth under excess water. The improvement for the latter is particularly challenging and genomic approach is expected to be effectively utilized. The crop model simulation would estimate/evaluate the impact of environmental and genetic factors. But comprehensive crop models for soybean are mainly for cultivations on upland fields and crop response to excess water is not fully accounted for. A soybean model for production on drained paddy fields under monsoon climate is demanded to coordinate technological development under changing climate. We recently recognized that the yield potential of recent US cultivars is greater than that of Japanese cultivars and this also may be responsible for different yield trends. Cultivar comparisons proved that higher yields are associated with greater biomass production specifically during early seed filling, in which high and well sustained activity of leaf gas exchange is related. In fact, the leaf stomatal conductance is considered to have been improved during last a couple of decades in the USA through selections for high yield in several crop species. It is suspected that priority to product quality of soybean as food crop, especially large seed size in Japan, did not allow efficient improvement of productivity. We also recently found a substantial variation of yielding performance under an environment of Indonesia among divergent cultivars from tropical and temperate regions through in a part biomass productivity. Gas exchange activity again seems to be involved. Unlike in North America where transpiration adjustment is considered necessary to avoid terminal drought, under the monsoon climate with wet summer plants with higher activity of gas exchange than current level might be advantageous. In order to explore higher or better-adjusted canopy function, the methodological development is demanded for canopy-level evaluation of transpiration activity. The stagnation of soybean yield would be broken through controlling variable water environment and breeding efforts to improve the quality-oriented cultivars for stable and high yield.