• Title/Summary/Keyword: difference system

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The effects of polishing technique and brushing on the surface roughness of acrylic resin (연마 방법과 칫솔질이 아크릴릭 레진의 표면 거칠기에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Ju-Ri;Jeong, Cheol-Ho;Choi, Jung-Han;Hwang, Jae-Woong;Lee, Dong-Hwan
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.287-293
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    • 2010
  • Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of polishing techniques on surface roughness of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), as well as the influence of light-cured surface glaze and subsequent brushing on surface roughness. Materials and methods: A total of 60 PMMA specimens ($10{\times}10{\times}5\;mm$) were made and then divided into 6 groups of 10 each according to the polymerization methods (under pressure or atmosphere) and the surface polishing methods (mechanical or chemical polishing) including 2 control groups. The mechanical polishing was performed with the carbide denture bur, rubber points and then pumice and lathe wheel. The chemical polishing was performed by applying a light-cured surface glaze ($Plaquit^{(R)}$; Dreve-Dentamid GmbH). Accura $2000^{(R)}$, a non-contact, non-destructive, optical 3-dimensional surface analysis system, was used to measure the surface roughness (Ra) and 3-dimensional images were acquired. The surface roughness was again measured after ultrasonic tooth brushing in order to evaluate the influence of brushing on the surface roughness. The statistical analysis was performed with Mann-Whitney test and t-test using a 95% level of confidence. Results: The chemically polished group showed a statistically lower mean surface roughness in comparison to the mechanically polished group (P = .0045) and the specimens polymerized under the atmospheric pressure presented a more significant difference (P = .0138). After brushing, all of the groups, except the mechanically polished group, presented rougher surfaces and showed no statistically significant differences between groups. Conclusion: Although the surface roughness increased after brushing, the chemical polishing technique presented an improved surface condition in comparison to the mechanical polishing technique.

Evaluation of polymerization shrinkage stress in silorane-based composites (Silorane계 복합레진의 중합수축응력의 평가)

  • Ryu, Seung-Ji;Cheon, Ji-Hoon;Min, Jeong-Bum
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.188-195
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    • 2011
  • Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization shrinkage stress among conventional methacrylate-based composite resins and a silorane-based composite resin. Materials and Methods: The strain gauge method was used for the determination of polymerization shrinkage strain. Specimens were divided by 3 groups according to various composite materials. Filtek Z-250 (3M ESPE) and Filtek P-60 (3M ESPE) were used as a conventional methacrylate-based composites and Filtek P-90 (3M ESPE) was used as a silorane-based composites. Measurements were recorded at each 1 second for the total of 800 seconds including the periods of light application. The results of polymerization shrinkage stress were statistically analyzed using One way ANOVA and Tukey test (p = 0.05). Results: The polymerization shrinkage stress of a silorane-based composite resin was lower than those of conventional methacrylate-based composite resins (p < 0.05). The shrinkage stress between methacrylate-based composite resin groups did not show significant difference (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, silorane-based composites showed lower polymerization shrinkage stress than methacrylate-based composites. We need to investigate more into polymerization shrinkage stress with regard to elastic modulus of silorane-based composites for the precise result.

Effect of $Al^{3+}$ on Labeling Efficiency and Biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP ($Al^{3+}$ 존재가 $^{99m}Tc$-MDP의 표지효율과 생체내 분포에 미치는 영향)

  • Chang, Young-Soo;Jeong, Jae-Min;Kim, Young-Ju;Kwark, Cheol-Eun;Lee, Dong-Soo;Chung, June-Key;Lee, Myung-Chul;Koh, Chang-Soon
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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    • v.30 no.3
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    • pp.361-366
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    • 1996
  • This study was to determine the effect of $Al^{3+}$ in $^{99m}Tc$ eluate from $^{99}Mo-^{99m}Tc$ generator on labeling efficiency and biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP. The chromatographic analysis of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing $Al^{3+}(0-62.5{\mu}g/ml)$ showed decreased labeling efficiency $^{99m}Tc$ pertechnetate and hydrolyzed reduced $^{99m}Tc$ fraction increased with increasing concentrations of aluminum. However, the chromatography system could not discern between hydrolyzed reduced $^{99m}Tc$ and $^{99m}Tc$ labeled colloid. $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing aluminum were relatively stable. Chromatographic analysis also confirmed that no significant differences were observed in the radiochemical purity of the filtered and the unfiltered $^{99m}Tc$-MDP preparations containing aluminum by $0.22{\mu}m$ syringe filter. In biodistribution data of ICR-mice, blood and heart uptake were increasing with increasing concentrations of aluminum, because of decreasing labeling efficiency of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP and increasing of $^{99m}Tc$ pertechnetate. However, liver and bone uptake were not significantly increased. In rat images no difference were observed at $5{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ compare with at $0{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$, but at $10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ lumbar uptake was increased. As a practical conclusion, a concentration below $10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$($10{\mu}g/ml\;Al^{3+}$ is the maximum allowed in pertechnetate eluate from $^{99}Mo-^{99m}Tc$ generator by USP.) in $^{99m}Tc$-MDP radiopharmaceutical result in low labeling efficiency. Radiochemical purity 90% of $^{99m}Tc$-MDP is the minimum allowed by USP. Therefore, when soft tissue uptake is observed in $^{99m}Tc$-MDP bone scan and labeling efficiency is above 90%, we can expect that $Al^{3+}$ in pertechnetated eluate is not the cause of soft tissue uptake.

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Development of Fertility Assumptions for the Future Population Projection (장래인구추계를 위한 출산력 가정치의 설정)

  • Jun, Kwang-Hee
    • Korea journal of population studies
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    • v.29 no.2
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    • pp.53-88
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    • 2006
  • The major aim of this paper is to develop a hypothetical set of age-specific fertility rates which are logically derived and reasonably accurate in the projection of future population. The first procedure is to select a generalized log-gamma distribution model, which includes Coale-McNeil nuptiality model, in order to estimate and project a set of age-specific fertility rates by birth cohort and birth order. The second is to apply the log-gamma model with an empirical adjustment to the actual data to estimate and project the future fertility rates for relatively young birth cohorts who did not complete their reproductive career. This study reconstructs or translates a set of cohort age-specific fertility rates into a set of period age-specific fertility rates which must be hypothesized in order to establish the broader framework of future population projection. For example, the fertility at age 20 in the year of 2020 is the fertility at age 20 for the cohort born in 1990, while the fertility at age 21 in the year of 2020 is the fertility at 21 for the cohort born in 1989. In turn, once a set of age-specific fertility rates for the cohorts who were born up to the year of 2010, it is possible for one to establish an hypothetical set of period age-specific fertility rates which will be needed to project the future population until the year of 2055. The difference in the hypothetical system of age-specific fertility rates between this study and the 2005 special population projection comes from the fact that the fertility estimation/projection model used in this study was skillfully exploited to reflect better actual trend of fertility decline caused by rise in marriage age and increasing proportion of those who remain single until their end of reproduction. In this regard, this paper argues that the set of age-specific fertility rates derived from this study is more logical and reasonably accurate than the set of those used for the 2005 special projection. In the population projection, however, the fundamental issue of the hypothetical setting of age-specific fertility rates in relation to the fertility estimation/projection model is about how skillfully one can handle the period effects. It is not easy for one to completely cope with the problem of period effects except for the a minor period adjustment based on recent actual data, along with the given framework of a cohort-based fertility estimation/projection model.

A study of the impact of using a nursing care standards on the quality of nursing care in gastrectomy patients (위절제술환자의 간호실무표준 사용이 간호의 질에 미치는 영향)

  • Woo, Young-Ja
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.97-107
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    • 1996
  • Nursing standards determine the type and extent of services that are delivered to the patients and define quality care and communicate the institution's expectations of care. Thus, taking the standard of care and incorporating it into a welldefined indicator of excellent patient care becomes one of the first activities in setting up the nursing service's quality assurance process. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of using a nursing care standards for the quality of nursing care in gastrectomy patients. The subjects were composed of fourty-two under going gastrectomy patients with stomach cancer in general surgery nursing care unit of K University Hospital in Pusan. The data was collected from January 3 to April 13,1996. The subjects were divided into a control group - those admitted from Jan.3 to Feb.12 and an experimental group those admitted from Feb.18 to April 13. The instruments used for this study were a nursing care standards in gastrectomy patients developed by the investigator and an evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in abdominal surgery patients developed by Byoung-Sook Lee in 1995. The data was analized by means of chi-square test, t-test and Cronbach-alpha test with the SAS System. The result was as follows : The hypothesis, that scores of the quality of nursing care in the experimental group would be higher than that of the control group. was supported(t=-6.12, p=0.00). The detailed results of each standards of evaluation tool were as follows : The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in audit standard 1:'Collection of basic data of the patients', (t=-3.76, p=0.00). The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in audit standard 2 : 'Defining nursing diagnoses(or nursing problems)', (t= (-), p= (-) ). The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in audit standard 3:'Estabilishment of nursing care plan according to nursing diagnoses(or nursing problems)',(t= (-), p= (-) ). The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in audit stndard 4:'Implimentation of nursing care plan', (t=-2.38, p=0.01). The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in audit standard 8 : 'Increase of the knowledge of health related to surgery',(t=-2.40, p=0.01). No significant differences between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of the control group in audit standard 5 : 'Recover and maintain of the physical function', audit standard 6:'Prevention of the post-operative complication', audit standard 7 : 'Decrease of discomfort caused by operation', and audit standard 9 : 'Patient satisfaction in nursing care' were found. The standards of evaluation tool were devided into two dimension. One was process dimension which contains four standards(audit standard 1 to 4), the other was outcome dimension which contains five standards(audit standard 5 to 9). The mean score of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group in process dimension (t=-12.30, p=0.00), but no significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental group and that of the control group in outcome dimension was found. From these results, it is concluded that using a nursing care standards in gastrectomy patients promotes quality of nursing care and nursing care standards of various fields are necessary for effective nursing care.

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Stress Responses of Cultured Fishes Elicited by Water Level Reduction in Rearing Tank and Fish Transference during Selection Process (양식어류의 선별과정중 수심감소와 어류의 수조이동에 따른 스트레스 반응)

  • HUR Jun Wook;CHANG Young Jin;LIM Han Kyu;LEE Bok Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.34 no.5
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    • pp.465-472
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    • 2001
  • The effects of water level reduction in rearing tank and fish transference during fish selection process on the stress response (hematological factors, cortisol, glucose, lactic acid and osmolality) of tank-reared olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus of large (FL), small (FS) and Japanese croaker, Nibea japonica (JC) were examined in running seawater culture system. The water level of rearing unit was lowered from 33 cm to 8 cm in the course of 2 minutes in the water level reduction experiment. The fish were removed from rearing tank (12 ton) to 450 L tank in 30 seconds after capture in the fish transference experiment, In water level reduction, the hematocrit of FL was significantly increased from $14.6\%$ at beginning to $23.5\%$ after 10 hours, However, it decreased to the value of beginning after 46 hours. Plasma cortisol concentration of FL was the highest concentration (13.7 ng/mL) after 22 hours, but it decreased to 4.0 ng/mL at the end of experiment. Cortisol concentration of FS did not show any significant difference during the experiment. The cortisol concentration of JC were significantly higher at 4 hours (282.3 ng/mL) and 22 hours (350.5 ng/mL), Glucose concentration of JC was the highest (138.0 mg/dL) at 22 hours. Lactic acid concentration was not different between experimental groups. In the fish transference experiment, red blood cell of FL was increased from $1.9\times10^6\;cell/{\mu}\;L\;to\;4.2\times10^6\;cell/{\mu}L$ in 24 hours. Blood hemoglobin of JC were significantly elevated in 24 hours. At 1 hour after transference, plasma cortisol concentrations in both fish species were increased to 95.3 ng/mL in FL and 175.5 ng/mL in JC. Glucose concentration of JC was increased to 132.5 mg/dL at 1 hour, 129.5 mg/dL at 3 hours after transference.

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Effect of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ on Chest Pain and Discomfort: A Multi-center Double-blind Randomized Controlled Trial. (심적환$^{(R)}$이 흉통 흉민에 대하여 미치는 영향에 대한 다기관 무작위배정 이중맹검 임상연구)

  • Jang Insoo;Ko Changnam;Lee In;Park Jung-mi;Kim Sehyun;Kim Sangwoo
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.26 no.2 s.62
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    • pp.95-104
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    • 2005
  • Objectives: This was a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study for evaluation of safety and effective dose finding of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ in patients with chest pain and discomfort. Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ are composed of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (丹蔘), Notoginseng Radix (三七根) and Borneolum (龍腦). Major effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Notoginseng Radix are vasodilatation, sedation and analgesic action. Borneolum has an antibacterial effect, and can stimulate the central nervous system. All of these substances are oriental herbs that have been used for a long time in east Asia. Cardiotonic Pills fi received Investigational New Drug (IND) approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA and 40 million people in the world take this pill. We performed a phase IV clinical study to confirm its efficacy and safety in patients who have probable cardiogenic or psychogenic chest pain or chest stifling. Methods: This study was planned for a multi-center clinical trial including four university hospitals of oriental medicine in Korea. This was the first time to evaluate the 'planning treatment according to diagnosis (辨證施治)' of chest pain or chest discomfort according to oriental medical guidelines. The patients who were included in this trial were adult volunteers from 20 to 70 years old who had chest pain or chest discomfort more than twice during a recent month, and we received written consent to participate in this study from all of them. After administration of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ for 8 weeks, number of occurrences, duration, appearance and degree of chest pain or chest discomfort was observed and degree of symptoms (severity of illness, global improvement) were measured using a patient's global assessment composite scale. Results: In the patient's global assessment scale, the severity of illness of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group (n=25) was 14/25=0.56 but of the placebo group (n=25) was 7/25=0.28 (p-value=0.0449). This result indicates Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$have a positive effect on the symptoms of chest pain and discomfort. However, the global improvement of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$group was 23/25=0.92, and of the placebo group was 22/25=0.88 (p-value=0.6374). The total symptom score of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $1.68\pm20.06$, and of the placebo group was $16.76\pm72.l4$(p-value=0.2285). The number of symptom events of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $72\pm29.78$, and of the placebo group (n=25) was $10.80\pm38.42$ (p­value=0.3660). We could not find any effects on the other factors examined besides the severity of illness, beyond the difference of standard deviations. Conclusions: Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ significantly reduced chest pain and chest discomfort in patients. Therefore, we expect that Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ will be helpful for patients with chest pain and chest discomfort not only caused by heart disease but also by other diseases.

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Multicenter clinical study on birth weight and associated anomalies of single umbilical artery (단일 배꼽 동맥 환아의 출생체중과 동반기형에 관한 다기관 연구)

  • Bae, Su-Nam;Lim, Jae-Woo;Ko, Kyong-Og;Jin, Hyun-Seung;Kim, Min-Hee;Lee, Bo-Young;Kim, Chun-Soo;Kim, Eun-Ryoung;Park, Sang-Kee;Lee, Jung-Joo
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.6
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    • pp.655-660
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    • 2009
  • Purpose : To compare birth weight between infants with a single umbilical artery (SUA) and normal infants, investigate the associated anomalies of infants with SUA and isolated SUA (no abnormality of external appearance on birth, except SUA), and determine the prognosis of infants with isolated SUA. Methods : Live-born infants with SUA (n=59) detected by physical examination from among 15,193 live births in seven university hospitals in Korea between January 1, 2004, to August 1, 2007, were reviewed retrospectively, with 236 normal infants serving as the control group. Results : A statistical difference was observed between the groups in birth weight and in vitro fertilization. The incidence of infants with SUA was 0.37%. Congenital malformations were observed in 21 infants with cardiovascular (n=15, 25.4%), gastrointestinal (n=2, 3.4%), genitourinary (n=9, 15.3%), neuromusculoskeletal (n=6, 10.2%), central nervous system (n=1, 1.7%), chromosomal (n=1, 1.7%), and other (n=3, 5.1%) abnormalities. There were 49 (83.1%) infants with isolated SUA in this study population; among them, the associated congenital malformations were cardiovascular (n=6, 12.2%) and genitourinary (n=6, 12.2%) abnormalities. Two infants with cyanotic heart disease were operated and four infants with acyanotic heart disease showed improvements without any treatment. Six infants with genitourinary abnormalities on renal ultrasound had mild hydronephrosis without further consequences. Conclusion : The incidence of structural abnormalities in the cardiovascular and genitourinary systems is high and the genitourinary anomalies associated with isolated SUA have relatively good prognosis.

A Study of the Improvement of Clinical and Practical Trainings in the Education of Radiologic Technologists (방사선사(放射線士) 교육(敎育)의 임상실습(臨床實習) 개선(改善)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究))

  • Lee, Man-Koo;Kang, Se-Sik;Yoon, Han-Sik;Huh, Joon
    • Journal of radiological science and technology
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.117-129
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    • 1983
  • This study, in order to improve clinical and practical trainings in the education of radiologic technologists, applies to 76 medical institutions of 91 ones which are used as the hospitals of clinical and practical training in 9 existing junior colleges except 3 new ones of 12 ones throughout all over the country from November 1, in 1982 to April 30, in 1983. And the purpose of this study is to research the percent conditions of basic practical trainings and clinical ones enforced in each college, and the percent conditions, equipments, contents, and opinions in clinical and practical trainings enforced in each hospital. The results are summarized as follows; 1. In the case of junior colleges in the whole country the curriculum of basic practical trainings averages 336.66 hours and the limits are between 120 and 510 hours. The actual hours in practice average 140 hours and the limits are between 60 and 240 hours, which correspond to 41.58% of the curriculum of basic practical trainings. 2. There were three junior colleges among nine that had a reserved hospital for clinical and practical trainings(only 33.33%). 3. The period of the practice was almost vacation in 4 junior colleges. The practice was conducted only for students to want the practice(44.45%), junior colleges that all students in them conducted the practice was 2 junior colleges and presented 22.22%. 4. In the field of students engaging in the practice, each field of radiation therapy and nuclear medicine presented 16.5%, 20.3% and almost students didin't have experience for the practice. 5. In medical institutions the educational institutions for intern showed 67.11%. Hospital with radiologist showed 26.32%. Radiotechnologist who had experience below 5 years presented 60.17%. 6. In the equipment for radiation diagnosis, each hospital had no difference. The number of hospitals passessing diagnostic equipments above 125 KVP was 56.26%. But radiation therapy equipment and nuclear medicine equipment had extremely low rate. 7. In the diagnosis of patient in the practice hospital, conventional radiography-to Skull, Chest, Abdomen, Skeleton, Urogenital system-reached the criterion. But special radiography was comparatively low. There appeared low rate, 32.89% in the field of nuclear medicine, 15.79% in the field of radiation therapy. 8. Students who carried out the practice were 1-89 students, days in practice were 1-30 days. There were differences in that point among among hospitals. Junior colleges conducting the practice were 2 colleges per hospital. Scope of the object were 1-8 junior colleges. 9. The practice conducted for the request of the colleges presented 72.37%, in addition, The prctices were conducted for growth of the younger generation and the same coperation with the colleges establishment of sisterhood with the colleges, relationship with students. 10. The practice conducted without the establishment of plan presented 59.21% The need for guiding book to the practice and evaluating was recognized over 90%. 11. In the relation between the practice with achievement of credit. There were big differences in opinion between hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group; hospital-Group had opinion that must follow achievement of credit with the practice. The colleges-Group had opinion that must conduct the practice after achieving credit. 12. After conducting the practice, in the practice leaders satisfaction degree dissatisfactory opinion presented the most rate 80.26%. Very much satisfactory opinion, as one hospital, presentd only 1.32%. 13. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the practice leader must have actual experiences, lectures and achievement, an opinion that actual experiences is over 5 years. 14. In the guide of human relation, cooperation, responsibility, courtesy to patients. Both hospitals-Group and the colleges-Group had an opinion that the guide must be involved in the period of the practice and must be instructed.

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An Adjustment of Cloud Factors for Continuity and Consistency of Insolation Estimations between GOES-9 and MTSAT-1R (GOES-9과 MTSAT-1R 위성 간의 일사량 산출의 연속성과 일관성 확보를 위한 구름 감쇠 계수의 조정)

  • Kim, In-Hwan;Han, Kyung-Soo;Yeom, Jong-Min
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.69-77
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    • 2012
  • Surface insolation is one of the major indicators for climate research over the Earth system. For the climate research, long-term data and wide range of spatial coverage from the data observed by two or more of satellites of the same orbit are needed. It is important to improve the continuity and consistency of the derived products, such as surface insolation, from different satellites. In this study, surface insolations based on Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-9) and Multi-functional Transport Satellites (MTSAT-1R) were compared during overlap period using physical model of insolation to find ways to improve the consistency and continuity between two satellites through comparison of each channel data and ground observation data. The thermal infrared brightness temperature of two satellites show a relatively good agreement between two satellites : rootmean square error (RMSE)=5.595 Kelvin; Bias=2.065 Kelvin. Whereas, visible channels shown a quite different values, but it distributed similar tendency. And the surface insolations from two satellites are different from the ground observation data. To improve the quality of retrieved insolations, we have reproduced surface insolation of each satellite through adjustment of the Cloud Factor, and the Cloud Factor for GOES-9 satellite is modified based on the analysis result of difference channel data. As a result, the insolations estimated from GOES-9 for cloudy conditions show good agreement with MTSAT-1R and ground observation : RMSE=$83.439W\;m^{-2}$ Bias=$27.296W\;m^{-2}$. The result improved accuracy confirms that the modification of Cloud Factor for GOES-9 can improve the continuity and consistency of the insolations derived from two or more satellites.