• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.352-360
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• 2007

Several nutrients are known to affect bone mineral density (BMD). However, these nutrients are combined with food intake and dietary patterns and little is known about the association of dietary patterns and BMD. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of dietary patterns with BMD in Korea Genome Epidemiology Study subjects. Among 2,884 women (40-69 yr) recruited at baseline study (2001), 861 subjects with BMD measurements at baseline and a 4-year follow up study (2005) completed the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. BMD was measured by the Quantitative Ultrasound method. One hundred three food items were combined into 17 food groups and 4 dietary patterns were identified by factor analysis. Cluster analysis using factor score classified each subject into one of three dietary pattern groups named 'Rice and kimchi eating' (n = 617), 'Contented eating' (n = 124), and 'Healthy and light eating' (n = 120). The 'Healthy and light eating' group, characterized by higher intake of fruit, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products, and younger age, more exercise, higher education, and higher income than other groups. The tibia BMD of the 'Healthy and light eating' group was higher than the other groups after adjusting for the age. After the adjustment for the age BMI and exercise, the 'Healthy and light eating' group showed significantly lower odds of tibia osteopenia/osteoporosis risk compared to the 'Rice and kimchi eating' group both at the baseline [OR(95% CI) : 0.50(0.30-0.84)] and follow-up [OR(95% CI) : 0.59(0.36-0.97)] examinations. The dietary pattern with low calorie and high intakes of fruit, vegetables, fish, milk and dairy products may have beneficial effects on BMD in middle-aged women.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.394-402
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.294-304
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Eating out has been reported to have negative effects on nutritional status. However, eating out can include meals prepared at home and eaten outside. Conversely, meals eaten at home can be brought from outside, as take-out and home deliveries have become common in Korea. Thus, we tested whether or not meal preparation location influences daily diet quality. SUBJECTS/METHODS: From the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2007-2009, 4,915 Korean adults (20-64 years) were classified into two groups: home-made meal group (HMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared at home (n = 4,146), and non-home-made meal group (NHMG), who ate ${\geq}2$ meals per day prepared outside home (n = 769). Daily diet quality was determined by energy intake, nutrient intake, Dietary Variety Score (DVS), and Diet Diversity Score (DDS). RESULTS: Compared to the HMG, the NHMG was more likely to consist of men, single, employed, educated and of a higher economic status (all, P < 0.01). The NHMG showed higher energy intakes (1,776 vs. 2,116 kcal/day) with higher percentages of energy from protein (15 vs. 23%) and fat (14 vs. 16%) and lower intakes of dietary fiber, phosphorus, potassium, niacin, and vitamin C (all, P < 0.01) than the HMG, with some variations among age groups. The NHMG tended to consume foods prepared by frying and grilling and had more one-dish meals such as bibimbap, noodles, and dumplings but also showed higher dietary diversity. CONCLUSIONS: It should be noted that home-made meals do not necessarily guarantee a healthy diet, and the effects of meal preparation location on nutritional status might vary depending on socio-demographic characteristics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.618-627
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 2011년 중국국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 20 ~ 64세 중국 성인이 섭취한 점심식사의 질을 가정식, 급식, 외식으로 구분하여 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 총 대상자 3,708명 중 76.7%가 가정에서 점심식사를 하고 있었으며, 급식은 15.6%, 외식은 7.7%에 해당하였다. 가정식군은 여성이 남성보다 많았으나, 급식군과 외식군은 남성이 여성보다 많았다. 가정식군은 농촌 거주자가, 급식군과 외식군은 도시 거주자가 더 많았다. 둘째, 식품군별 섭취량을 분석한 결과, 곡류·서류·콩류와 생선류는 세 군 모두 권장섭취량 범위에 있었으나, 육류 섭취량은 세 군 모두 과다하였다. 특히 급식군과 외식군의 경우 권장섭취량의 2배 이상 섭취하고 있었다. 가정식군과 급식군의 채소류 섭취량은 권장섭취량 범위 내에 있었지만, 외식군은 20 g 이상 부족하였다. 과일류와 우유 및 유제품류 섭취량은 세 군 모두에서 매우 부족한 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 다빈도 섭취 식품을 분석한 결과 전체적으로 섭취빈도가 가장 높은 식품은 쌀과 돼지고기였고, 가장 많이 섭취한 채소는 청경채와 배추였다. 외식군은 가정식군과 급식군에 비해 채소류로 섭취한 식품의 종류가 적었고 쇠고기의 섭취 빈도가 높았으며, 빵 및 면류 식품의 섭취빈도가 높았다. 넷째, 식품군 섭취패턴을 분석한 결과, '곡류+ 육류+ 채소류' 패턴이 55.5%로 가장 많았다. '곡류+ 육류+ 채소류' 패턴은 급식군에서 그 비율이 가장 높았고, 외식군에서 상대적으로 낮았다. 가정식군에서는 '곡류+ 채소류' 패턴이, 외식군에서는 '곡류+ 육류' 패턴의 비율이 상대적으로 높았다. 다섯째, 전체적으로 식품군점수는 5점 만점에 평균 2.4점, 식품섭취 가짓수는 평균 3.4개로 섭취한 식품의 다양성이 부족한 것으로 나타나 개선의 필요가 있었다. 급식군의 식품군점수와 식품섭취 가짓수가 가정식군이나 외식군보다 유의적으로 높았다. 본 연구결과를 종합해보면, 중국 성인의 점심 식사는 육류 섭취가 과다하며, 과일류와 우유 및 유제품류의 섭취가 매우 부족한 공통적인 문제점이 있었다. 가정식의 경우 식사의 다양성 측면에서 곡류, 육류, 채소류를 모두 섭취할 수 있도록 영양교육이 필요하며, 외식의 경우 육류의 섭취가 지나치게 많고 채소류 섭취가 부족하여 개선의 필요가 있다. 또한 급식은 외식이나 가정식보다 식품 다양성 측면에서 바람직한 것으로 나타났으나, 점심식사의 기본적인 구성요소라고 할 수 있는 곡류, 육류, 채소류를 모두 섭취한 비율이 2/3에도 미치지 못하고 있어 체계적인 급식 프로그램을 도입할 필요가 있다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.429-437
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• 2011

This study evaluated on the purchasing patterns for bakery products and the effects of brand image on consumers' purchasing power while living in the Seoul area. The questionnaires developed for this study were distributed to 400 males and females aged 20 and older. A total of 385 questionnaires were used for analysis (96.0%) and the statistical analysis, descriptive analysis, and $x^2$-test were completed using SPSS (version 14.0) software. When purchasing bakery products, 'taste' (59.7%) was most important followed by 'shape and size' (13.2%), 'ingredients' (11.7%), 'price' (7.5%), 'expiration date' (5.2%). 'origin of ingredients' (2.1%), and 'packaging' (0.5%). Subject showed significant differences in their purchase of bakery products based on characteristics including 'age' (p<0.05), 'occupation' (p<0.01), 'type of family' (p<0.01), and 'income' (p<0.1) The most influential factor in purchasing bakery products was 'material' (score=3.73), followed by 'name value' (score=3.56). Brand image of bakery had an effect on bakery products as 'present' (score=3.83), 'sanitation' (score=3.58). And, the most high respondent in basis of deciding brand image consumer's was 'clean and nice interior'(53.1%), followed by 'high quality ingredients and packaging'(23.7%).

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.89-103
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• 2006

This study was performed to provide sources of nutrition education for female adolescents by identifying eating disorder patterns and their relationships with self-body image, weight control, and eating behavior. A total of 329 female middle school students were recruited and completed a general characteristics survey, the Eating Attitudes Test(EAT-26), a perception of self-body image survey, a concern for weight control survey, an eating behavior survey, and the Mini Dietary Assessment Index(MDA). Eating disorder patterns were identified to be obesity stress and weight control(OW), risk of binge eating(RB), and dietary restraint(DR) by factor analysis. OW pattern was related with stout body shape, body dissatisfaction, experience of weight control, skipping of dinner, and low MDA score. RB pattern was associated with lean body shape, body satisfaction, indiscreet snack behavior, and the eating time of snacks. The DR pattern was associated with normal body shape, regular meal times, desirable snack behavior, and high MDA scores. The results indicated that the eating patterns of adolescent were not identical to existing diagnostic categories. Furthermore, each eating pattern displayed different characteristics of perception on self-body image, concern for weight control, and eating behavior. In conclusion, nutrition education for female middle school students could reflect the different characteristics of each eating disorder pattern.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.265-272
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• 2021

A total of fourteen primiparous sows' (Landrace × Yorkshire) were used to determine the effects of two patterns of feed intake during early gestation on the growth performance and litter characteristics in sows. Daily feed intake from day 5 to 112 of gestation for parity 1 sows was 2.2 kg·d^-1 of feed offered with the exception of seven sows who were offered 3.2 kg·d^-1 from day 90 to 108 of gestation (TRT A) or 2.5 kg·d^-1 (d 5 - 60) and 2 kg·d^-1 (d 60 - 90) of feed with the exception of seven sows who were offered 3.5 kg·d^-1 from day 90 to 108 of gestation (TRT B). The different feed intake patterns in early gestation did not have a significant effect on body weight, backfat thickness, or body condition score during, before, and after farrowing (p > 0.05) respectively. However, initial to d 60, backfat thickness difference was significantly improved by TRT B patterns of feed intake during early gestation. In addition, during the overall experiment, average daily feed intake was significantly enhanced for sows in the dietary TRT B group feed intake pattern (p = 0.0001). The fecal score during day 90 was significantly reduced (p = 0.0132) in sows fed with TRT B feed intake pattern. Litter size, litter survival rate, and initial weight showed no significant differences with different feed efficiency of gestating sows. In summary, the results indicate that the 2.5 kg·d^-1 gestation intake pattern allowed gestating sows to obtain optimal performance.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.931-940
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• 1998

This study was done to describe health behavior and determine affecting factors in Korean adults, based on the Health Behavior Assessment tool. The subjects were sample of 298 adults from five cities. The instrument for this study were Health Behavior Assessment tool (30 items, 4 scale). Frequency, percentage, t-test, ANOVA, cluster analysis with SPSS program were used to analyze the data. The results of the study are as follows ; 1) The average item score for health behavior was 2.56, the highest score on the subscale was limitation of liking(M=3.16), followed by stress management (M=2.98), nutrition(M=2.82), energy conservation (M=2.67). 2) A significant difference between age, sex, perception of health, and health behavior were found. 3) Pattern of health behavior among Korean adults focused on stress management in order to obtain emotional stability, and balance and harmony in dietary life, and energy conservation. Patterns of health behavior in Korean adults is unique in each individual. Therefore nursing intervention skill for health promotion have to be developed based on the health behavior in each individual.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-42
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of well-being related to lifestyle choices such as food habits, food choices, life pattern, etc. The survey was conducted among college students using a questionnaire and a 5-point Likert score in Seoul City and Kyunggido Province during September 2005. The responses of 968 college students were analyzed by the SPSS program. The results were as follows. Most of the subjects were female(76.2%), and lived with their parents (85.6%). The average score of 'food habits', 'choosing food materials', 'purchasing' and 'life pattern' were $2.71{\pm}1.22,\;2.86{\pm}1.28,\;2.41{\pm}1.21,\;and\;2.97{\pm}1.31$ respectively in males and $3.01{\pm}1.20,\;3.00{\pm}1.32,\;2.55{\pm}1.20,and\;2.68{\pm}1.40$ in females, respectively. In regard to 'food habits', the scores were significantly affected by gender(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.05), alcohol consumption(p<0.05), exercise(p<0.001), weight satisfaction(p<0.001), method of weight control(p<0.001), use of nutritional supplement(p<0.05), attempts at weight control(p<0.001), regularity of breakfast(p<0.001), level of interest in well-being(p<0.001), and whether the individual tried a well-being item(p<0.001). In regarding to 'choosing food materials' the scores were significantly affected by gender(p<0.001), smoking(p<0.05), exercise(p<0.001), weight satisfaction(p<0.05), method of weight control(p<0.05), use of nutritional supplement(p<0.05), attempts at weight control(p<0.001), regularity of breakfast(p<0.001), level of interest in well-being(p<0.001) ), and whether the individual tried a well-being item(p<0.001). Out of the factors affecting 'purchasing', the association with BMI was remarkable. Students who were overweight, obese or underweight showed higher average scores than students of normal weight. The primary concerns and trial of well-being of college students were food and exercise. Therefore, the purchase of well-being goods is related to their weight control in college students. In regard to 'life pattern' the scores were significantly affected by exercise(p<0.01), use of computer(p<0.001), BMI(p<0.001), weight control(p<0.001), use of nutritional supplement(p<0.05), regularity of breakfast(p<0.001), level of interest in wellbeing(p<0.001), whether the individual tried a well-being item(p<0.001), and having taken lecture on well-being(p<0.05). Therefore nutrition education is needed for healthy eating habits of college students and it is necessary to develop a series of lectures to teach them about diet and exercise programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.333-347
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• 1988

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between nutrient status, and bone mineral state which influenced by aging process. The subjects were 196 people over 65 years old(male 72, female124). The present dietary intake was estimated by the 24-hr, recall method, and individual dietary history concerning consumption of meat, fish and dairy products was obtained by questionaires. The syndrome of senility including seniliy was evaluated according to "Cornell Medical Index". The five subjects who showed 'Good' grade in bone senility, and five subjects who showed 'Risk' and 'Danger' grade were selected and their spine and femur bone density was measured by "Dual Photon Absorptiometry". The bone density measurement showed that the subjects with 'Good' grade in bone senility had bone density above that of normal person, and their nutrient status were satisfactory, whereas the subjects with 'Risk' and 'Danger' grade in bone senility had severe osteoporotic pattern, and their nutrient status were very poor. The food consumption score showed that the subject with higher intake of meat rather than milk had good grade in bone senility (p<0.05). Therefore, past meats consumption can be considered to be a significant factor in the present bone status. The nutrient intakes appeared to be significant factors in bone status in male, whereas there was little effect of nutrients intakes in female. Therefore, the risk of osteoporosis can increase as syndrome of bone senility and nutrient intakes were worse, and its is possible to evaluate bone status and predict osteoporosis simply from informations concerning syndrome of bone senility and nutrient intakes in old population over 65.