• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1999

A fungus, Penicillium sp. PS-113, isolated from soil showed the high phosphate-solubilizing activity in patato dextrose broth-rock phosphate to produce free phosphates to the culture broth with the concentrations of 585 ppm against rock phosphate. In this medium, the optimum temperature and initial pH to solubilize rock phosphate were 30$^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.5, respectively. In order to make the mass production of the conidia from this fungus, we cultured in on various solid-based media like barley, corn, wheat, rice, rice bran, and compost. As a result, the fungus highly produced conidia ranging from 2.1 to $5.1{\times}10_9$ conidia/g${\cdot}$media on these solid media except compost-based medium, which was 0 times less than others. Effects of inoculation of the phosphate solubilizing fungus as a biofertilizer were studied in perlite-based pot cropped with Zea mays Suwon 19. Inoculation of Penicillium sp. PS-113 increased in plant height (1.4 times), plant weight (5.2~8.1 times) and root length (1.1~1.2 times) at 60-day cultivation, compared to Hogland solution either without $NH_4H_2PO_4$ or displace $NH_4H_2PO_4$ to powdered rock phosphate, a phosphorus source for plant growth.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.162-166
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• 2002

A method for observing intra blood vessel ducts which are threadlike bundle of tubules which form a part of the BongHan duct system. By injecting 10% dextrose solution at a vena femoralis one makes the intravascular BongHan duct thicker and stronger to be easily detectable after incision of vessels. The duct is semi-transparent, soft and elastic, and composed of smaller tubules whose diameters are of $10{\mu}m$ order, which is in agreement with BongHan theory.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.268-274
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• 2005

Paclitaxel is an effective antineoplastic agent against ovarian, colon and breast tumors. But there have been many difficulties to formulate this drug due to the extremely low aqueous solubility. Paclitaxel is currently formulated in a vehicle composed of Cremophor EL and absolute ethanol mixture which is $5\~20$ fold diluted in normal saline or $5\%$ dextrose solution before I.V. injection. However, this formulation has many problems such as allergic reactions and drug precipitation on aqueous dilution. To overcome these problems, we prepared the micelle and microemulsion systems for parenteral administration of paclitaxel by using glycofurol, $Soluto^{(R)}lHS$ 15 and oleic acid. Phase diagram, pH-rate stability, particle size distributions and pharmacokinetics of the systems were studied. Micelles and microemulsions formulated as nano-particle delivery system were physically and chemically stable. Therefore, these formulations might be the promising alternative candidate for the parenteral delivery of paclitaxel.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2002

A total of 55 Colletotrichum isolates from strawberry plants with anthracnose symptoms(crown rot) were inhibited in mycelial growth on potato-dextrose agar(PDA) amended with fungicides in variable degrees depending on the chemicals used, especially showing no growth on PDA with 1 mg/m/tricyclazole. However, in the detached leaf test by treating chemicals before or after inoculation of Colletotrichum sp., tricyclazole was little effective in controlling symptom development; instead azoxystrobin, which had low in vitro inhibition of mycelial growth, inhibited strongly the symptom development. Some chemicals were tested for the control of strawberry crown rot in greenhouse using three methods, sprays soil drenching and plant dipping. No or little control effect were made by chemical spray and soil drenching, but plant dipping in chemical solution, especially azoxystrobin: reduced crown rot development by about 50% in the greenhouse suggesting that the azoxystrobin treatment may be an effective control method of the crown rot of strawberry. No differences in the control efficacy were noted according to the dipping time and chemical concentration of azoxystrobin not less than 10 min and 250 mg/m/, respectively.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.491-495
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• 1998

A fungal disease of the cultivated mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, caused by Xylogone sphaerospora was epidemic throughout all cultivation areas in Korea which caused a lot of yield losses in the mushroom production. For controlling the disease, the screening of effective fungicides against the pathogenic fungus were conducted. Thirty seven commercially available fungicides were tested for their inhibitory activities on potato dextrose agar media supplemented with these fungicides at various concentrations. Twenty one fungicides significantly inhibited mycelial growth of the pathogen, Xylogone sphaerospora, but 16 fungicides had no inhibitory effect. Among these 21 fungicides, 17 fungicides also inhibited mycelial growth of Ganoderma lucidum as well, but imazalil, procymidone, triforine, and vinclozolin had no inhibitory effects. However, vinclozolin showed no inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of the mushroom even at the concentration of 50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml vinclozolin solution for 2 hours, and then the pathogen was inoculated. After two month-cultivation of the mushroom, over 90% of logs treated with vinclozolin without pathogen inoculation produced fruiting bodies. However, fruiting bodies were not produced form the logs inoculated with the pathogen, but not treated with vinclozolin. Fifty seven percent of logs. which were pre-treated with vinclozolin and then inoculated with the pathogen produced fruiting bodies. Based on the results, vinclozolin is effective for the control of yellow disease of the Ganoderma lucidum caused by Xylogone sphaerospora.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-187
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• 1995

Cylindvocarpon destmtalns isolate CY-92-01, pathogen of root-rot of Panax ginseng showed t the maximum mycelial growth on the Czapek solution agar among the thirteen kinds of media. Five isolates (Isolate CY-92-01, CY-92-03, CY-92-07, CY-94-01, CY-94-02) of C. destructan from various growth stages of p. ginseng recovered from several geographical sites also showed maximum growth in the Czapek-Dox broth compared with potato dextrose broth and V-8 juice broth. Rapid growth rate was maintained until 12 days after inoculation on the Czapek-Dox broth and mycelial weight was somewhat constant until 20 days. After 30 days of incubation, the mycelial weight began to decrease. The fungal growth occurred from 5$^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$ and optimum temperature for growth was 2$0^{\circ}C$. Mycelial weight orderly decreased at 15, 25, 10, and 5$^{\circ}C$. Quantitative measurement was impossible at 5$^{\circ}C$. No fungal growth was occurred at the temperature higher than 3$0^{\circ}C$. Growth was observed at all tested pH ranges from 2.8 to 8.0. Optimum pH for growth was 4.0~5.0 followed by pH 3.3~3.5 and 5.4~6.0. The least growth occurred at pH 2.8.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.112-123
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• 2022

Photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) play an important role in water purification, and their application is beneficial for sustainable aquaculture. However, maintaining the microbial stability of PSB from subculturing to preservation is a challenging task. Since improvement in the microbial stability of PSB is a crucial parameter, optimized conditions for cell immobilization and lyophilization were investigated. In PSB immobilization, 0.1-M CaCl₂ was found to be the most effective divalent metal ion solution in terms of cost-effectiveness, resulting in beads with a 4-mm diameter and high loading (1.91×10⁹ CFU/mL) of viable cells. Maintenance of cell viability, external appearance, and color of PSB beads was best in 3.5% NaCl during storage. In lyophilization, the addition of skim milk (9%) and dextrose (2%) as cryoprotective additives allowed the highest cell viability. Over an 18-week shrimp breeding period, when optimally manufactured beads and lyophilized powder of PSB were applied to shrimp aquaculture water, NH⁴⁺, NO₃^-, and NO₂^- were more effectively removed by 55%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, compared to controls. Thus, microbial stability of PSB through optimized cell immobilization and lyophilization was successfully enhanced, enabling a wide application.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

We identified nicotine, cotinine and toluene in high school volunteer's urine by using GC/NPD, GC/FID and GC/MS. To analyze of nicotine and cotinine, urine samples were extracted with diethylether and centrifuged on a benchtop centrifuge for 5 min. The upper organic layer was injected into a GC. The distributions of nicotine and cotinine were $4{\sim}630{\mu}g/L$ and $63{\sim}1,602{\mu}g/L$ in smoking-group, respectively. To analyze of toluene, head space vial was filled with 2mL sodium citrate solution and 1mL of urine. The vial was warmed in a water bath at $55^{\circ}C$ for 20min, and then $250{\mu}L$ of head space air was injected into a GC. The result show that toluene was not detected in all of the volunteers' samples. However, the range of toluene was 0.1~28.0mg/L in glue sniffer's urine samples(NISI data).

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.3
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• pp.397-408
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• 2022

Rinse & Chill^® technology (RCT) entails rinsing the vasculature using a chilled isotonic solution (3℃; 98.5% water and a blend of dextrose, maltose, and sodium phosphates) to rinse out the residual blood from the carcass. Infusion of pre-chilled solutions into intact animal carcasses immediately upon exsanguination is advantageous in terms of lowering the internal muscle temperature and accelerating chilling. This technology is primarily used for purposes of effective blood removal, favorable pH decline, and efficient carcass chilling, all of which improve meat quality and safety. Although RCT solution contains some substrates, the pre-rigor muscle is still physiologically active at the time of early postmortem and vascular rinsing. Consequently, these substrates are fully metabolized by the muscle, leaving no detectable residues in meat. The technology has been commercially approved and in continuous use since 2000 in the United States and since 1997 in Australia. As of January 2022, 23 plants have implemented RCT among the 5 countries (Australia, US, Canada, New Zealand, and Japan) that have evaluated and approved RCT. All plants are operating under sound Sanitation Standard Operation Procedures (SSOP) and a sound Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) program. No food safety issues have been reported associated with the use of this technology. RCT has been adapted by the meat industry to improve product safety and meat quality while improving economic performance. Therefore, this review summarizes highlights of how RCT technically works on a variety of animal types (beef, bison, pork, and lamb).

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.86-90
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• 1997

This study was to find a more accurate method fur measuring small vancomycin dosages which are commonly used in neonates by comparing single and double dilution method. For single dilution method, 500 mg of vancomycin powder was accurately measured and reconstituted with 5 ml of distilled water to make a concentration of 100 mg/ml. Volumes of 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 ml, which equal the target dosages of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg, were measured using syringes made by Shina and each sample was further diluted with 2 ml of $5\%$ dextrose. The solution of 100 mg/ml concentration was further diluted with $5\%$ dextrose to make a concentration of 20 mg/ml. Volumes of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 ml, which correspond to 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mg, were sampled by the same Shina's syringe as in single dilution method and then each sample was further diluted to make a total volume of 10 ml. Each sample was analyzed by HPLC. The measured dosages of each sample in both single and double dilution methods were lower than the target dosages; however, e values in double dilution method were higher than those in single dilution method for seven target dosages. Percent target dosages in single dilution method were 65 to $90\%$, while in double dilution method 91 to $94\%$. Statistically significant difference between two groups was shown in 5, 10, 15, 20, and 40 mg dosages (p<0.05). In conclusion, when preparing small vancomycin dosages lower an 20 mg $(volume{\leq}0.2\;ml)$, using Shina's syringes, the double dilution method has a closer value to the target dosage than single dilution method.