• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.70-81
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of an educational program on developmental positioning (EPDP) for nurses in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods: The study utilized a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest design. Sixty NICU nurses were recruited from two university hospitals in Daejeon, South Korea. The EPDP consisted of a 7-week program: 3 weeks of education and practice, followed by 4 weeks of encouragement messages using social networking services. Developmental positioning (DP) posters and DP aids were also provided during the intervention period. The intervention group (n=30) received the EPDP, but not the control group. The data were analyzed using the 𝜒² test, the Fisher exact test, the independent t-test, and repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: Participants' knowledge (t=7.49, p<.001), attitudes (t=1.99, p=.001), self-efficacy (t=2.99, p=.004), performance of DP (t=2.98, p=.004) and Infant Positioning Assessment Tool (IPAT) scores (F=29.50, p<.001) were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. Conclusion: The EPDP can be an effective and useful program for improving the performance of DP among NICU nurses by increasing their knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy of DP. However, further research involving various NICU settings is needed to gather more empirical evidence.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the validity of the application of the Denver II developmental screening test to Korean children. This screening test. which was developed and standardized in United States. was designed to screen for developmental delay in Korea. and to compare the levels of development of Korean children with the development of children from the U.S. Method: Quota sampling. NP To facilitate field sampling. the age range used from 0 to 6 years old. was split into 10 different age groups. Sample size was estimated according to residence. 1.054 children were recruited from Seoul's metropolitan. urban and rural areas. NP To fill the quota established. the Recruitment and testing of children was done at public health centers, pediatric outpatient clinics of general hospitals and a child care center. The 25, 50, 75 and 90 percentiles were identified by using logistic regression analysis and were calculated as norms. The items in which the ages of both 50 and 90 percent passing differed more than 20 percent by the calculation was identified for comparison. NP Result: There were significant differences found in 45 items between Korean children and the children from the City of Denver as it relates to age differences. 90% of the sample passed items among 125 items from 4 sectors, e.g., personal- social. fine motor adaptive, language, and gross motor sectors. Korean children were found to be advanced in 9 items, whereas there were significant differences found in 38 items in our comparison of the two countries for age differences when 50% of sample pass items. Korean children were found to be advanced in 16 items. NP Conclusion: The result showed that there was a discrepancy in the developmental norms. It could be explained by the differences in the developmental environment. including child rearing patterns and ethnicity. Therefore, a restandardization of the Denver Screening Test is necessary as it relates to its application on Korean children. This restandardization is necessary in order to avoid both under and over-referrals of children with developmental abnormality. The modification of items in the language sector is especially suggested.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.133-146
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• 1998

This study was designed to assess the developmental sequence of children's understanding of social interaction and to test the effects of support conditions and behavioral domains on the understanding of social interaction. The subjects were one hundred 4- to 8-year-old children. The method was a doll play situation, composed of three different support conditions. Scalogram analysis was used to test the developmental sequence, and ANOVA and paired t-test were used to test the significance of differences in stages. The results of this study evidenced a sequential pattern in the 4- to 8-year-old children's understanding of social interaction. There were also significant differences between stages in the understanding of social interaction according to support conditions and behavioral domains. Higher levels of support produced higher stages of understanding and the understanding of positive social interactions were higher than those of negative social interactions at ages 4 and 5.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2001

Purpose: This study was intended to develop the framework of public health center based 'Child growth and developmental clinic' and analyze the efficiency of services. This was the part of Mother-Child Health Guidance Project by the Public Health Center in Seoul. The purposes of this project were to improve children's health and development with early detection of developmental delay by screening test, and to assist and guide the parent for child care and rearing, so that children can reach their maximum potential. Method: Framework and standards for operation of 'Child growth and development clinic' were developed. We selected screening tool. developed parent education materials, and educated the personnel of public health center. Result: 243 children were enrolled for developmental screening, and we detect the children with developmental delay and referred them for further evaluation. The proportion of developmental delayed children was approximately 2% of the enrolled children. Also, we analyzed the characteristics of enrolled children, and their parental needs and attitude on child rearing. Some problems in operation of developmental clinic were discussed. Conclusion: Though we can found some limitations, we are confident that pubic health center can be charge of important role for improving child development for the majority. This study will be the basis of children's developmental clinic running by public health center.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.87-104
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• 2002

This study investigated developmental levels and explored play behaviors in 194 4- and 5-year-old children from low-income families attending 18 daycare centers in Seoul. The Developmental Test for Korean Kindergartners(Korea Institute Curriculum & Evaluation, 1996) was used to assess developmental levels in seven areas. Play behaviors were observed during free-play in their classrooms. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and $x^2$. Results were that the children from low-income families showed highest scores in motor skill development and the lowest scores in mathematical and scientific development. The children engaged most frequently in group-functional play, followed by onlooker behaviors, group-dramatic, and group-constructive play. Onlooker behaviors were the most frequent activity of the 4-year-olds, and the block corner was the most frequently used area during free-play.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.483-489
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• 2016

Purpose: We investigated the number of test takers of the Korean-Developmental Screening Test (K-DST) in a single children's hospital within a year, according to age, referral rate, and follow-up percentage. Methods: For this study, 4,062 children who visited and received K-DST at Woorisoa Children's Hospital between January and December 2015 were enrolled. Seven test sets were used according to the Korean National Health Screening Program for infants and children in the following age groups: 4 to 6, 9 to 12, 18 to 24, 30 to 36, 42 to 48, 54 to 60, and 66 to 71 months. The results of the K-DST were categorized into 4 groups as follows: further evaluation (<-2 standard deviation [-2SD]), follow-up test (-2SD to -1SD), peer level (-1SD to 1SD), and high level (>1SD). Results: The test participants' population and follow-up population were concentrated before the age of 24 months (2,532, 62.3%). The children most commonly referred for further evaluation were those in the 30- to 41-month age group. A mismatch was found between the results of the K-DST and the additional questions. Most of the infants and children with suspicious developmental delays showed catch-up development in their follow-up tests (43 of 55, 78.2%). Conclusion: The use of K-DST should be encouraged, especially among children aged over 24 months. Multiple-choice question format for the additional questions is recommended to avoid confusion. We suggest a nationwide study to evaluate and revise the K-DST.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.161-171
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• 1990

The study was to examine the effectiveness of the educational program for the parents of autistic children in promoting the development and amelioration of psychopathology. Behavioral pathology and developmental function of autistic children of two parent groups, parents who participated in educational program and parents who did not participate in that program, were compared before and after partent education program. For these purpose, the data were collected from 30 subjects(15 for participant group and 15 for non-participant group) who were diagnosed as Autism according to DSM-III at Child-Psychiatry of Seoul National University Hospital during May 16, 1987 through April 30, 1988. Pre and post tests by Schopler's Psycho-Educational Profile scale were performed for all of the subjects and the data were analyzed by Wilcoxon Rank Sum test, Wilcoxon Sign Rank test and $X^2-test.$ The results obtained were as follows ; 1) The autistic children of participant group were significantly higher than those of non-participant group after education on Imitation, Gross motor and Eye-hand Integration scale of developmental function area (p<0.05) 2) After education, the autistic children of participant group were significantly improved in Affect and Language scale of behavioral pathology area (p<0.05). 3) After education, the autistic children of participant group were significantly improved in developmental function, such as perception, Fine motor, Gross motor, Eye-hand Integration, Cognitive Performance, Cognitive Language (p<0.05). 4) The autistic children of non-participant group were significantly improved in Relating behavior and developmental functions such as Perception, Fine motor and Eye-hand Integration at post test in comparison to pre test (p<0.05). From these results, it might be concluded that the autistic children of participant group were improved much more, and obtained higher score in developmental function area than those of non-participant group. It is suggested that this kind of education program helped and supported the parents to do some more appropriate approach for the development of their children.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.363-369
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• 2014

Purpose: This study examines changes in developmental profiles of children with language delay over time and the clinical significance of assessment conducted at age 2-3 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 70 children (62 male, 8 female), who had visited the hospital because of delayed language development at 2-3 years, and were reassessed at ages 5-6. Language and cognitive abilities were assessed using multiple scales at the initial and follow-up visits. Results: At the initial test, 62 of the 70 children had mental development index (MDI) below 70 of Bayley Scales of Infant Development Test II. Of the 62 children in the follow-up assessment, 30 children (48.4%) remained within the same cognitive range (full-scale intelligence quotient, FSIQ<70 of Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence), 12 had borderline intellectual functioning (FSIQ, 70-85), 6 improved to average intellectual functioning (FSIQ>85), and 5 had specific language impairment, 9 had autism spectrum disorders. At the initial test, 38 of the 70 children had cognitive developmental quotients (C-DQ) below 70. Of the 38 children in the follow-up assessment, 23 children (60.5%) remained within the same cognitive range (FSIQ<70). The correlation coefficient for MDI and FSIQ was 0.530 (P<0.0001) and that for C-DQ and FSIQ was 0.727 (P<0.0001). There was a strong correlation between C-DQ and FSIQ, and a moderate correlation between MDI and FSIQ. Conclusion: Low MDI scores reflect a specific delay in cognitive abilities, communication skills, or both. The C-DQ, receptive language development quotient, and social maturity quotient also help to distinguish between children with isolated language delay and children with cooccurring cognitive impairment. Moreover, changes in the developmental profile during preschool years are not unusual in children with language delay. Follow-up reassessments prior to the start of school are required for a more accurate diagnosis and intervention.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.286-295
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• 2011

This case study was to examine the effect of the sensory integration therapy on the Goldenhar syndrome child with tactile defensiveness, developmental delay and occupational performance difficulties. The child was 7.10 year old boy. For intervention, four evaluations were used and the results are as follows. First, in Canadian Occupational Performance Measure showed occupational performance goal as reading and writing in upright position. Second, in Short sensory profile and sensory history, significant differences between sensory sensitivity and tactile processing. Third, in Developmental Profile-3 showed delay. Fourth, in Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-2 showed below average. After intervention, the results of which showed a positive changes. Therefore, this case study is found that the sensory integration therapy is effective in the Goldenhar syndrome child with tactile defensiveness and developmental delay.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.60 no.9
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• pp.282-289
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• 2017

Purpose: Recent advancements in molecular techniques have greatly contributed to the discovery of genetic causes of unexplained developmental delay. Here, we describe the results of array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and the clinical features of 27 patients with global developmental delay. Methods: We included 27 children who fulfilled the following criteria: Korean children under 6 years with global developmental delay; children who had at least one or more physical or neurological problem other than global developmental delay; and patients in whom both array CGH and G-banded karyotyping tests were performed. Results: Fifteen male and 12 female patients with a mean age of $29.3{\pm}17.6months$ were included. The most common physical and neurological abnormalities were facial dysmorphism (n=16), epilepsy (n=7), and hypotonia (n=7). Pathogenic copy number variation results were observed in 4 patients (14.8%): 18.73 Mb dup(2)(p24.2p25.3) and 1.62 Mb del(20p13) (patient 1); 22.31 Mb dup(2) (p22.3p25.1) and 4.01 Mb dup(2)(p21p22.1) (patient 2); 12.08 Mb del(4)(q22.1q24) (patient 3); and 1.19 Mb del(1)(q21.1) (patient 4). One patient (3.7%) displayed a variant of uncertain significance. Four patients (14.8%) displayed discordance between G-banded karyotyping and array CGH results. Among patients with normal array CGH results, 4 (16%) revealed brain anomalies such as schizencephaly and hydranencephaly. One patient was diagnosed with Rett syndrome and one with $M{\ddot{o}}bius$ syndrome. Conclusion: As chromosomal microarray can elucidate the cause of previously unexplained developmental delay, it should be considered as a first-tier cytogenetic diagnostic test for children with unexplained developmental delay.