• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2017

These are three case reports on developmental delay that were treated with Korean medicine more than one year. A child with spastic cerebral palsy was treated only with acupuncture in one case, and in another case, two children with cerebral palsy were treated with both acupuncture and Korean herbal medication: Gami-Dossi-pyengwisan and Gami-Guibiondam-tang. After more than a year of treatment period, all three children showed improvement of general condition and motor function, measured by Gross Motor Function Measure, compare to average of children with cerebral palsy. According to this result, Korean medicine treatment can be helpful in improvement of spasticity and developmental delay due to cerebral palsy. Further studies with more cases and well-designed randomized controlled trials should be performed to establish proper guideline of Korean medicine treatment for cerebral palsy.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.1-26
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• 2011

본 연구는 보육교사에게 담당하고 있는 유아들 중 또래들에 비해 언어발달이 늦은 유아들이 있는지 물어보고, 이들이 언어발달지연을 보인다고 선별한 유아 30명에 대한 언어와 사회성숙도 검사를 시행하였다. 이들의 선별은 관련 검사 결과 정확하였다. 언어발달지연 유아를 의뢰한 보육교사의 선별기준과 자녀의 언어발달지연에 대한 부모의 수용 태도, 이를 지원하기 위한 보육교사의 현 대처방안과 지원 요구가 무엇인지 알아보고자 하는 목적으로 서울지역에 있는 보육시설 10개 기관 13명의 보육교사에 대한 반구조화된 면담을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 첫째, 보육교사는 학급 내에서 언어발달지연 유아의 결손을 보이는 언어특성과 부적응 행동에 따라 언어발달이 지연된다고 의뢰하였고, 둘째, 자녀의 언어발달 지연에 대한 부모들의 태도는 무관심과 사전에 인지하고 있어서 교사에게 먼저 자녀의 언어발달지연에 대해 상담하는 등 다양하였다. 셋째, 보육교사는 학급 내에서 적절한 지원을 제공하지 못하고 있었으며, 넷째, 언어발달지연 유아를 위하여 전문가와 기관의 지원, 언어발달에 대한 교사교육, 언어발달지연에 대한 자료와 기준의 제시, 낮은 교사 대 아동비율 등의 지원 요구를 제기하였다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권sup1호
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• pp.14-18
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• 2016

Pediatric epilepsy can be caused by various conditions, including specific syndromes. 1p36 deletion syndrome is reported in 1 in 5,000-10,000 newborns, and its characteristic clinical features include developmental delay, mental retardation, hypotonia, congenital heart defects, seizure, and facial dysmorphism. However, detection of the terminal deletion in chromosome 1p by conventional G-banded karyotyping is difficult. Here we present a case of epilepsy with profound developmental delay and characteristic phenotypes. A 7-year-and 6-month-old boy experienced afebrile generalized seizure at the age of 5 years and 3 months. He had recurrent febrile seizures since 12 months of age and showed severe global developmental delay, remarkable hypotonia, short stature, and dysmorphic features such as microcephaly; small, low-set ears; dark, straight eyebrows; deep-set eyes; flat nasal bridge; midface hypoplasia; and a small, pointed chin. Previous diagnostic work-up, including conventional chromosomal analysis, revealed no definite causes. However, array-comparative genomic hybridization analysis revealed 1p36 deletion syndrome with a 9.15-Mb copy loss of the 1p36.33-1p36.22 region, and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis (FISH) confirmed this diagnosis. This case highlights the need to consider detailed chromosomal study for patients with delayed development and epilepsy. Furthermore, 1p36 deletion syndrome should be considered for patients presenting seizure and moderate-to-severe developmental delay, particularly if the patient exhibits dysmorphic features, short stature, and hypotonia.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the pediatric functional muscle testing (PFMT) when applied to children with developmental delay. Methods: Sixteen children with developmental delay (seven females, nine males) participated in this study. For the inter-rater reliability, each was scored on the PMFT by two pediatric physical therapists with more than 8 years of clinical experience on the same day. For assessment of the test-retest reliability, one therapist tested the children again within 10 days. The second measurement was performed by taking a first measurement in video. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to determine the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the PFMT, and Chronbach's alpha was used to measure internal consistency. Results: The results of this study were as follows: 1) The test-retest ICC of the score of the infant action month and the right side of the PFMT was from 0.53 to 1.00 and from 0.63 to 0.99, respectively. 2) The inter-rater ICC of the score of the infant action month and the right side of the PFMT was from 0.66 to 1.00 and from 0.64 to 1.00, respectively. 3) Chronbach's alpha was 0.93. The internal consistency indicated excellent. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study showed that the test-retest and inter-rater reliability of the PFMT was relatively high, except for a few items. Therefore, it can be suggested that the PFMT will be a useful tool for measurement of muscle strength for children with developmental delay if it be some modifications.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.94-98
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• 2012

Purpose: Developmental delay and mental retardation are frequently occurring disorders that present major socio-economic burden on the affected individual's family and society. Both can be congenital or acquired. However, a large number of people are institutionalized without exact diagnosis and, as a result, have not received proper care. Methods: 508 subjects with mental retardation or developmental delay from six institutions in Chung Buk Province were clinically evaluated and screened for metabolic and endocrinologic problems between 2000 and 2012. Results: Clinical genetic disorders were observed in 52 (10.2%) subjects. Cerebral palsy attributed to 21% of the institutionalized. 18 (3.5%) were diagnosed with metabolic disorders and 13 (2.6%) exhibited secondary endocrinologic dysfunction. Over 16% showed metabolic evidence of malnutrition. Conclusion: 21% and 3.5% of the population institutionalized due to mental retardation or developmental delay were afflicted by preventable cerebral palsy and metabolic disorders, respectively. Through early identification of the causes and early treatment, it may be possible to prevent, reduce, or alleviate the disability of many institutionalized individuals. Further research is imperative for establishing guidelines for diagnostic investigation for mental retardation.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2022

Objectives: Early detection of developmental issues in infants and necessary intervention are important. To identify the comorbid conditions, a comprehensive evaluation is required. The study's objectives were to 1) generate scale items by identifying and eliciting concepts relevant to young children (12-71 months) with developmental delays, 2) develop a comprehensive screening tool for developmental delay and comorbid conditions, and 3) assess the tool's validity and cut-off. Methods: Multidisciplinary experts devised the "Infant Comprehensive Evaluation for Neurodevelopmental Delay (ICEND)," an assessment method that comes in two versions depending on the age of the child: 12-36 months and 37-71 months, through monthly seminars and focused group interviews. The ICEND is composed of three parts: risk factors, resilience factors, and clinical scales. In parts 1 and 2, there were 41 caretakers responded to the questionnaires. Part 3 involved clinicians evaluating ten subscales using 98 and 114 questionnaires for younger and older versions, respectively. The Child Behavior Checklist, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment, and Korean Developmental Screening Test for Infants and Children were employed to analyze concurrent validity with the ICEND. The analyses were performed on both typical and high-risk infants to identify concurrent validity, reliability, and cut-off scores. Results: A total of 296 people participated in the study, with 57 of them being high-risk (19.2%). The Cronbach's alpha was positive (0.533-0.928). In the majority of domains, the ICEND demonstrated a fair discriminatory ability, with a sensitivity of 0.5-0.7 and specificity 0.7-0.9. Conclusion: The ICEND is reliable and valid, indicating its potential as an auxiliary tool for assessing neurodevelopmental delay and comorbid conditions in children aged 12-36 months and 37-71 months.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2008

The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) is a modified Berg's Balance Scale developed as a balance measure for school-aged children with mild to moderate motor impairments. The purpose of this study was to determine the inter-examiner reliability of the Korean version of PBS when applied to children with developmental delays. In this study, PBS was administrated to a total of 79 children with developmental delays (17 with global developmental delay, 31 with cerebral palsy, and 31 with mental retardation) in the Seoul Community Rehabilitation Center. Two pediatric trained physical therapists with longer than 13 year of clinical experience scored the children's performance blind, while replaying videotaped data. The inter-examiner reliability was statistically determined by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). The results of this study revealed that the Korean version of PBS seems to have high inter-examiner reliability when applied to children with movement disorders such as global developmental delay (ICC=.96) and cerebral palsy (ICC=.97); however, it has relatively lower inter-examiner reliability (ICC=.78) for children with developmental delay secondary to mental retardation. therefore, the results support that the Korean version of the PBS could be a useful clinical measurement to assess the balance skills for children with developmental delay who have an adequate level of cognition to enable them to fol1ow the verbal instructions to complete the test.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.316-321
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was done to evaluate the validity of Korean Denver ll developmental screening test in screening children with developmental risk. Method: The participants in the study were 113 children referred for developmental assessment in the department of rehabilitation of D University hospital. They were examined with the BSID (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) II and Korean Denver II by one occupational therapist. The data was analyzed by $x^2$ test and discriminant analysis. Results: There was a significant relationship between the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the BSID II and the result of the Korean Denver II. The sensitivity and specificity of Korean Denver II were 0.87 and 0.62 when abnormal MDI was defined as lower than 85 was used as a diagnosis of developmental delay. There was a significant relationship between the Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of the BSID ll and the result 0.7 Korean Denver ll. The sensitivity and specificity of Korean Denver II were 0.83 and 0.51 The over-all hit ratio was $79.6\%$. Conclusion: The result showed that the Korean Denver II was valid and has good sensitivity and moderate specificity in screening developmental delay.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.82-86
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• 2017

Chromosomal microarray (CMA) is a high-resolution, high-throughput method of identifying submicroscopic genomic copy number variations (CNVs). CMA has been established as the first-line diagnostic test for individuals with developmental delay (DD), intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and multiple congenital anomalies (MCAs). CMA analysis was performed in 42 Korean patients who had been diagnosed with unexplained DD, ID, ASDs, and MCAs. Clinically relevant CNVs were discovered in 28 patients. Variants of unknown significance were detected in 13 patients. The diagnostic yield was high (66.7%). CMA is a superior diagnostic tool compared with conventional karyotyping and fluorescent in situ hybridization.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2008

The ecotoxicological effects of 4-tert-octylphenol were observed on Harpacticoid copepoda Tigriopus japonicus s.l. gathered and cultured from tidal pool of Korean coast. There were no significant differences in survival rate (except 10 $\mu$g/L; 70.00%) and sex ratio (except 30 $\mu$g/L) on T. japonicus s.l. exposed to 4-tert-octylphenol. However, 4-tert-octylphenol induced developmental delay (copepodite emergence day and adult male mergence day) and retardation of first brooding day of adult female. Moreover the body size and biomass decreased at 4-tert-octylphenol exposure. As a result, detailed life-cycle research of T. japonicus s.l. may yield potential bioindicators for environmental monitoring and assessment.