• Computers and Concrete
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2019

In-service reinforced concrete structures are simultaneously subjected to a combination of multi-deterioration environmental actions and mechanical loads. The combination of two or more deteriorative actions in environments can potentially accelerate the degradation and aging of concrete materials and structures. This paper reviews the coupling and synergistic mechanisms among various deteriorative driving forces (e.g. chloride salts- and carbonation-induced reinforcement corrosion, cyclic freeze-thaw action, alkali-silica reaction, and sulfate attack). In addition, the effects of mechanical loads on detrimental environmental factors are discussed, focusing on the transport properties and damage evolution in concrete. Recommendations for advancing current testing methods and predictive modeling on assessing the long-term durability of concrete with consideration of the coupling effects are provided.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.359-366
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• 2007

Recently, analysis researches on durability are focused on chloride attack and carbonation due to increased social and engineering significance. Generally, chloride penetration and carbonation occur simultaneously except for in submerged condition and chloride behavior in carbonated concrete is evaluated to be different from that in normal concrete. Furthermore, if unavoidable crack occurs in concrete, it influences not only single attack but also coupled deterioration more severely. This is a study on analysis technique with system dynamics for chloride penetration in concrete structures exposed to coupled chloride attack and carbonation through chloride diffusion, permeation, and carbonation reaction. For the purpose, a modeling for chloride behavior considering diffusion and permeation is performed through previous models for early-aged concrete such as MCHHM (multi component hydration heat model) and MPSFM (micro pore structure formation). Then model for combined deterioration is developed considering changed characteristics such as pore distribution, saturation and dissociation of bound chloride content under carbonation. The developed model is verified through comparison with previous experimental data. Additionally, simulation for combined deterioration in cracked concrete is carried out through utilizing previously developed models for chloride penetration and carbonation in cracked concrete. From the simulated results, CCTZ (chloride-carbonation transition zone) for evaluating combined deterioration is proposed. It is numerically verified that concrete with slag has better resistance to combined deterioration than concrete with OPC in sound and cracked concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

One of the most sensitive design specifications to be considered is infiltration and external pore-water pressures on underground structure construction. Development of pore-water pressure may accelerate leakage and consequently cause deterioration of the lining. In this paper, the development of pore-water pressure due to malfunctioning of drainage system and its potential effect on the linings are investigated using physical model tests. The deterioration procedure was simulated by controlling both permeability and flow rate. Development of pore-water pressure was monitored on the lining using pore pressure measurement cells. Test results identified the mechanism of pore-water pressure development on the tunnel lining. In addition, they showed that controlling flow rate is more effective method fur simulating deterioration procedure than permeability control. The laboratory model tests were reproduced using coupled numerical method, and showed that the effect of deterioration of drainage system can be theoretically expected using coupled numerical modeling method.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.399-405
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• 2010

The accumulated displacements and fatigues of rock are increased by the stress-hysteresis, induced from repeated frost-thawing. Also the shear strength is decreased by them continuously. The stress-hysteresis is affected by the atmospheric temperature changes, whose behavior is visco-elasticity, usually. Therefore, to do ideal body analysis, Kelvin model could be used to analyze the frost-thawing behavior in winter. In general, rock slope failure occurs by the deterioration of rocks, which is caused by the repetition of freezing-thawing process. In order to keep the safety of such rock mass structures the deterioration process of rock needs to be described quantitatively using some meaningful parameters. In this work, the deterioration process in freezing-thawing cycle of tuff, which is a famous soft porous rock, is investigated through laboratory tests and successfully described as a differential equation for the change of porosity. And then, the deterioration of the mechanical properties of rock, such as Young's modulus and uniaxial compressive strength, are quantitatively described as a function of the porosity.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2017

Structural health monitoring has drawn great attention in the field of civil engineering in past two decades. These structural health monitoring methods evaluate structural integrity through high-quality sensor measurements of structures. Due to electronic deterioration or aging problems, sensors may yield biased signals. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a fault detection method that identifies malfunctioning sensors in a sensor network. This method exploits the autoregressive modeling technique to generate a bank of Kalman estimators, and the faulty sensors are then recognized by comparing the measurements with these estimated signals. Three types of faults are considered in this study including the additive, multiplicative, and slowly drifting faults. To assess the effectiveness of detecting faulty sensors, a numerical example is provided, while an experimental investigation with faults added artificially is studied. As a result, the proposed method is capable of determining the faulty occurrences and types.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.23
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• pp.92-99
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• 2000

From 1960 year, in Korea, for solving the cityward drifting of problem, A lot of apartment housings were intentionally constructed in the process of industrialization. After 30 years, for solving the stock problem of the deteriorated apartment housing, it has mostly been reconstructed, till now. In this paper, because we try to improve upon the method of the problem which is used n reconstruction, we propose $\ulcorner$Re-using system$\lrcorner$ of a deteriorated apartment housing. This includes all improving spheres of deterioration of faculty and sociality, which are all factors of discomfort and improving method after residents'living, individually and collectively. Accordingly, the object of this paper consequently propose the application of the methods of $\ulcorner$Re-modeling system$\lrcorner$ to all stocks of deteriorated apartment housings.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1355-1359
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• 2014

In the proposed work a 2D analytical modeling of single halo Triple material Surrounding Gate (SH-TMSG) MOSFET is developed. The Surface potential and Electric Field has been derived using parabolic approximation method and the simulation results are analyzed. The essential substantive is provided which elicits the deterioration of short channel effects and the results of the analytical model are delineated and compared with MEDICI simulation results and it is well corroborated.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.26-33
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• 2007

Finite element simulation of elastic wave propagation in a concrete plate was carried out to investigate its modeling and damage detection procedures. For the numerical stability three criteria were introduced and tested. With a proper element size and time increment, two different kinds of damage scenarios (crack and deterioration) were applied to verify the feasibility of the finite element simulation. It is shown that the severities of those damages are sensitive to the received displacement signals.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.85 no.3
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• pp.393-406
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• 2023

Smart structures are those structure that could adopt some behavior to prevent instability in their responses. The recognition of stability deterioration has been performed through rigid mathematical formulations in control theory and unpredicted results could not be addressed in control systems since they are able to only work under their predefined condition. On the other hand, incorporating all affecting parameters could result in high computational cost and delay time in the response of the systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) method has shown to be a promising methodology not only in the computer science by at everyday life and in engineering problems. In the present study, we exploit the capabilities of artificial intelligence method to obtain frequency response of a smart structure. In this regard, a comprehensive development of equations is presented using Hamilton' principle and first order shear deformation theory. The equations were solved by numerical methods and the results are used to train an artificial neural network (ANN). It is demonstrated that ANN modeling could provide accurate results in comparison to the numerical solutions and it take less time than numerical solution.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.315-325
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• 2023

Calcium leaching is one of the main deterioration factors in concrete structures contact with water, such as dams, water treatment structures, and radioactive waste structures. It causes a porous microstructure and may be coupled with various harmful factors resulting in mechanical degradation of concrete. Several numerical modeling studies focused on the calcium leaching depth prediction. However, these required a lot of cost and time for many experiments and analyses. This study presents an artificial neural network (ANN) approach to predict the leaching depth quickly and accurately. Totally 132 experimental data are collected for model training and validation. An optimal ANN model was proposed by ANN topology. Results indicate that the model can be applied to estimate the calcium leaching depth, showing the determination coefficient of 0.91. It might be used as a simulation tool for engineering problems focused on durability.