• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2015

PURPOSES : This study intends to develop an inorganic soil pavement material using industrial by-products and to evaluate its applicability as a road pavement material. METHODS : In this study, a compressive strength experiment was conducted based on the NaOH solution molarity and water glass content to understand the strength properties of the soil pavement material according to the mixing ratio of alkali activator. In addition, the strength characteristic of the inorganic soil pavement material was analyzed based on the binder content. The performance of the soil pavement was evaluated by conducing an accelerated pavement test and a falling weight deflectometer (FWD) test. RESULTS : As a result of the soil pavement material test based on the mixture ratio of alkali activator, it was identified that the activator that mixed a 10 M NaOH solution to water glass in a 5:5 ratio is appropriate. As a result of the inorganic soil pavement materials test based on the binder content, the strength development increased sharply when the amount of added binder was over 300 kg; this level of binder content satisfied 28 days of 18 MPa of compression strength, which is the standard for existing soil pavement design. According to the measured results of the FWD test, the dynamic k-value did not show a significant difference before or after the accelerated pavement testing. Furthermore, the effective modulus decreased by approximately 50%, compared with the initial effective modulus for pedestrian pavement. CONCLUSIONS : Based on these results, inorganic soil pavement can be applied by changing the mixture proportions according to the use of the pavement, and can be utilized as road pavement from light load roads to access roads.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2008년도 추계 학술발표회 제20권2호
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• pp.851-854
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• 2008

순환골재의 사용은 매립을 줄이고 고갈되어 가는 천연골재의 대체자원으로 사용할 수 있어 친환경적인 방법이다. 그러나 기존연구에서는 낮은 품질의 순환골재를 사용하거나 작은 크기의 부재만을 연구하였다. 본 연구에서는 순환굵은골재의 치환율(0, 30, 60, 100%)과 전단보강근에 따른 철근콘크리트 보의 전단거동을 파악하기 위하여 총 6개의 보를 실험하였다. 실험결과 순환골재를 사용한 실험체는 전단보강근의 사용 유무에 관계없이 천연골재를 사용한 실험체와 대등한 전단강도를 나타내었다. 또한 본 연구와 기존 연구의 실험값을 전단경간비, 압축강도, 단면크기, 유효깊이에 따른 전단강도특성을 비교한 결과 순환골재 콘크리트는 천연골재 콘크리트와 유사한 전단강도특성을 나타내었다. 순환골재를 사용한 구조물의 순환골재를 사용한 구조물의 적용성을 검토하기 위하여 현행 KCI2007 규준식 및 Zsutty의 전단강도 계산 값을 실험결과와 비교한 결과 현행규준식은 전단강도를 안전측으로 평가하고 있어 순환골재를 사용한 실험체에도 적용 가능 할 수있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.181-188
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• 2011

고강도콘크리트 부재 표면에 내화모르타르를 피복하여 화재시 콘크리트 표층부의 온도상승을 저감시킴으로서 내부 철근온도 상승을 억제한다. 본 논문은 간이내화시험을 통하여 시멘트 및 석고계 내화모르타르 피복 고강도콘크리트의 내부철근 온도상승을 검토하기 위한 것이다. 그 결과 석고계 내화모르타르가 시멘트계 내화모르타르보다 고강도콘크리트의 내부철근 온도상승을 저감시키는데 효과적인 것으로 나타났으며 내화모르타르 피복두께가 작을수록 시멘트계 내화모르타르와의 내부 철근 온도차이가 증가하였다. 또한 ${\alpha}$형 반수석고와 ${\beta}$형 반수석고 종류에 따른 내화모르타르의 온도상승 저감효과의 차이는 없는 것으로 나타났지만, ${\alpha}$형 반수석고 내화모르타르의 압축강도가 ${\beta}$형 반수석고 내화모르타르보다 높게 나타났다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2010

This is to show some basic data for introducing both circulated aggregate and recycled powder producing waste concrete. Standard-mixing design for 24MPa has been basically used and added and replaced normal aggregate with recycled powder made of waste concrete. In addition, polycarboxylate high-range water reducing agent has been used because recycled powder is missing adhesive strength and it is not compare with cement's adhesive strength. Compressive strength with powder mixture of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% has been decreased down to 80% of normal concrete material strength without recycled powder mixture. $200^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$ and $600^{\circ}C$ heated concrete were compressively tested in order to find out concrete strength resistant to high temperature. heat capacity was also tested, based on the expectancy of its low conductivity. In addition, thermal conduction test was tested in order to find out concrete insulation. According to this test, when concrete was tested by fire resistance, it using the circulation aggregate was same resulted by concrete using the natural aggregate. also, recycle powder was not effecting insulation performance. but it is fit to standard on concrete insulation of building law.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

Water-induced strength reduction is one of the most critical causes for rock deformation and failure. Understanding the effects of water on the strength, toughness and deformability of rocks are of a great importance in rock fracture mechanics and design of structures in rock. However, only a few studies have been conducted to understand the effects of water on fracture properties such as fracture toughness, crack propagation velocity, consumed energy, and microstructural damage. Thus, in this study, we focused on the understanding of how microscale damages induced by water saturation affect mesoscale mechanical and fracture properties compared with oven dried specimens along three notch orientations-divider, arrester, and short transverse. The mechanical properties of calcite-cemented sandstone were examined using standard uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and Brazilian tensile strength (BTS) tests. In addition, fracture properties such as fracture toughness, consumed energy and crack propagation velocity were examined with cracked chevron notched Brazilian disk (CCNBD) tests. Digital Image Correlation (DIC), a non-contact optical measurement technique, was used for both strain and crack propagation velocity measurements along the bedding plane orientations. Finally, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) was employed to investigate the microstructural damages produced in calcite-cemented sandstone specimens before and after CCNBD tests. As results, both mechanical and fracture properties reduced significantly when specimens were saturated. The effects of water on fracture properties (fracture toughness and consumed energy) were predominant in divider specimens when compared with arrester and short transverse specimens. Whereas crack propagation velocity was faster in short transverse and slower in arrester, and intermediate in divider specimens. Based on ESEM data, water in the calcite-cemented sandstone induced microstructural damages (microcracks and voids) and increased the strength disparity between cement/matrix and rock forming mineral grains, which in turn reduced the crack propagation resistance of the rock, leading to lower both consumed energy and fracture toughness ($K_{IC}$).

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권 6호
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• pp.375-391
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• 2022

This paper examined the impact of the cross-sectional structure on the structural results under different loading conditions of reinforced concrete (RC) members' management limited in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP). The mechanical properties of CFRC was investigated, then, totally 32 samples were examined. Test parameters included the cross-sectional shape as square, rectangular and circular with two various aspect rates and loading statues. The loading involved concentrated loading, eccentric loading with a ratio of 0.46 to 0.6 and pure bending. The results of the test revealed that the CFRP increased ductility and load during concentrated processing. A cross sectional shape from 23 to 44 percent was increased in load capacity and from 250 to 350 percent increase in axial deformation in rectangular and circular sections respectively, affecting greatly the accomplishment of load capacity and ductility of the concentrated members. Two Artificial Intelligence Models as Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) were used to estimating the tensile and flexural strength of specimen. On the basis of the performance from RMSE and RSQR, C-Shape CFRC was greater tensile and flexural strength than any other FRP composite design. Because of the mechanical anchorage into the matrix, C-shaped CFRCC was noted to have greater fiber-matrix interfacial adhesive strength. However, with the increase of the aspect ratio and fiber volume fraction, the compressive strength of CFRCC was reduced. This possibly was due to the fact that during the blending of each fiber, the volume of air input was increased. In addition, by adding silica fumed to composites, the tensile and flexural strength of CFRCC is greatly improved.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.39-48
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• 2015

섬유강화폴리머(FRP) 보강 철근콘크리트(RC) 구조물은 보강효과가 충분히 발휘되기 전에 보강재의 탈락으로 보강효과의 상실 및 구조부재의 갑작스러운 파괴를 야기할 수 있다. 현재 FRP 보강보의 박리파괴강도는 설계지침에서 제시된 보강재의 탈락변형률에 근거하여 무보강 RC보와 동일한 강도해석법을 적용하고 있다. 그러나, 각 설계지침에 따라 FRP 보강재의 탈락변형률이 달리 제시되고 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 유리섬유강화폴리머(GFRP)로 보강된 RC보의 박리파괴 휨 강도 실험을 통해 각 설계기준에서 제시된 보강재 탈락변형률에 의한 박리파괴강도를 비교 평가하였다. 또한, 보강재 탈락에 의한 파괴는 콘크리트의 압축변형률이 극한변형률에 도달하기 전에 발생하므로, 본 연구에서는 재료의 비선형 응력분포를 고려한 해석을 수행하였다. 그리고, GFRP 보강 RC보의 설계 박리파괴강도 산정 시 강도설계법에 의해 산정된 무보강 RC보의 극한휨강도와 유사한 안전율을 나타낼 수 있는 강도식을 제시하였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.523-534
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• 2012

The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of heat curing methods on the temperature history and strength development of slab concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$. The goal was to determine proper heat curing methods for the protection of nuclear power plant structures against early-age frost damage under adverse (cold) conditions. Two types of methods were studied: heat insulation alone and in combination with a heating cable. For heat curing with heat insulation alone, either sawdust or a double layer bubble sheet (2-BS) was applied. For curing with a combination of heat insulation and a heating cable, an embedded heating cable was used with either a sawdust cover, a 2-BS cover, or a quadruple layer bubble sheet (4-BS) cover. Seven different slab specimens with dimensions of $1200{\times}600{\times}200$ mm and a design strength of 27 MPa were fabricated and cured at $-10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. The application of sawdust and 2-BS allowed the concrete temperature to fall below $0^{\circ}C$ within 40 h after exposure to $-10^{\circ}C$, and then, the temperature dropped to $-10^{\circ}C$ and remained there for 7 d owing to insufficient thermal resistance. However, the combination of a heating cable plus sawdust or 2-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $5^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Moreover, the combination of the heating cable and 4-BS maintained the concrete temperature around $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. This was due to the continuous heat supply from the heating cable and the prevention of heat loss by the 4-BS. For maturity development, which is an index of early-age frost damage, the application of heat insulation materials alone did not allow the concrete to meet the minimum maturity required to protect against early-age frost damage after 7 d, owing to poor thermal resistance. However, the combination of the heating cable and the heat insulating materials allowed the concrete to attain the minimum maturity level after just 3 d. In the case of strength development, the heat insulation materials alone were insufficient to achieve the minimum 7-d strength required to prevent early-age frost damage. However, the combination of a heating cable and heat insulating materials met both the minimum 7-d strength and the 28-d design strength owing to the heat supply and thermal resistance. Therefore, it is believed that by combining a heating cable and 4-BS, concrete exposed to $-10^{\circ}C$ can be effectively protected from early-age frost damage and can attain the required 28-d compressive strength.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.185-206
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• 2015

This paper presents statistical models developed to study the influence of key mix design parameters on the properties of lightweight self-consolidating concrete (LWSCC) with expanded shale (ESH) aggregates. Twenty LWSCC mixtures are designed and tested, where responses (properties) are evaluated to analyze influence of mix design parameters and develop the models. Such responses included slump flow diameter, V-funnel flow time, J-ring flow diameter, J-ring height difference, L-box ratio, filling capacity, sieve segregation, unit weight and compressive strength. The developed models are valid for mixes with 0.30-0.40 water-to-binder ratio, high range water reducing admixture of 0.3-1.2 % (by total content of binder) and total binder content of $410-550kg/m^3$. The models are able to identify the influential mix design parameters and their interactions which can be useful to reduce the test protocol needed for proportioning of LWSCCs. Three industrial class ESH-LWSCC mixtures are developed using statistical models and their performance is validated through test results with good agreement. The developed ESH-LWSCC mixtures are able to satisfy the European EFNARC criteria for self-consolidating concrete.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.141-161
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• 2015

A significant portion of residential areas of Turkey is located in active earthquake zones. In Turkey occurred major earthquakes in last twenty years, such as Erzincan (1992), Kocaeli and $D{\ddot{u}}zce$ (1999), $Bing{\ddot{o}}l$ (2003), Van (2011). These earthquakes have demonstrated that reinforced concrete (RC) buildings having horizontal and vertical irregularities are significantly damaged, which in turn most of them are collapsed. Architectural design and arrangement of load-bearing system have important effect on RC building since architectural design criteria in design process provide opportunity to make this type of buildings safer and economical under earthquake loads. This study aims to investigate comparatively the effects of weak story irregularity on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of RC buildings by considering different soil-conditions given in the Turkish Earthquake Code. With this aim, Sta4-CAD program based on matrix displacement method is utilized. Considering that different story height and compressive strength of concrete, and infill walls or their locations are the variables, a set of structural models are developed to determine the effect of them on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of RC buildings. In conclusion, some recommendations and results related to making RC buildings safer and more economical are presented by comparing results obtained from structural analyses.