• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1994

Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are delicate or serous side effects, occuring when the radiotherapy is administered to the head and neck cancer patient. It is known that the cause of the above side effect is radiosensitivity of serous cells. In this study, the ultrastructural features of the parotid glands of the X-irradiated rats were observed. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g each were anesthetized with sodium thiopental, and placed on the Mitsubishi linear accelerator. Only the head and neck areas of animals were exposured at the distance of 80cm, within the area of $30X30cm$, in the depth of 1cm, with the speed of 200R/min. Total doses applied were 3,000R or 6,000R depending on the experimental groups. Animals were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd day and 6th day after the irradiation. Parotid glands were fixed in the 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, and followed by refixation in the 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Dehydrated blocks were embedded in araldite mixture, and ultrathin sections were cut. Sections were contrasted with the solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Normal parotid acinar cells are two types; the light and the dark acinar cells. The light acinar cell contains dense secretory granules, whereas dark acinar cells contains granules of medium density with some darker spots within them, or other cells contain granules of medium density with darker rims. 2. Six hours after the irradiation, many acinar cells were degenerated showing variable stages of cytolytic bodies, light bodies, or dense degenerations. Within the acinar cell, Golgi apparatus and granular endoplasmic reticula were most severely altered elements. Granules showed more contrasting densities and irregularities. 3. Two days after the irradiation, some cytolytic bodies, and focal lucent degeneration of cytoplasm, and fine granular alteration of cytoplasmic matrix were pronounced. But other elements including secretory granules are rather looked unlatered. 4. Six days after the irradiation, most severe alterations were seen. Many intracellular canaliculi (or secretion figures), quanta of cytoplasm containing secretion antecedants, severely irregular luminal border, and again contrasting density of secretory granules showing tigroid spots or dense rims were noted. And myoepithelial degenerations were observed not uncommonly. 5. Irregular densities of secretory granules were interpreted as abnormal components of protein or carbohydrate portion are synthesized or abnormally metabolized under severe X-irradiation. 6. Myoepithelial degeneration and related alteration of nerve endings, etc., were suggested as the other causes of xerostomia following X-irradiation. 7. It is requested that radiation doses should be arranged, considering in mind not only the sensitivity of acinar cells but also the myoepithelial and neural functions.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.51-72
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to explore usefulness of the Library of Congress Subject Headings(LCSH)for librarians as an information access point. Sixty four librarians at the University of Washington(UW)and 67 librarians from the Council on East Asian Libraries(CEAL) participated through web surveys about LCSH and 9 librarians from UW and 10 librarians from CEAL joined in-depth interviews and e-mail correspondences. It was concluded that LCSH was very useful for finding other related materials as a subject access point. However, there were two necessary improvements recommended for the LCSH. First of all, in aspect of terminology, subject headings should be more familiar to the public with currency and show clear definitions and relationships. Second, with regard to the structure of LCSH, it should have simplicity, ease of use, and consistency when using combinations of subject headings. Since many other countries are using or adapting LCSH, its effect can be very strong. Therefore, the meaning of "Tok Island (Korea)" as well as diplomatic and scholarly efforts with sensing movements of other countries.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.56 no.8
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• pp.29.1-29.6
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• 2014

This study compared the effects of varying lipid content and dietary concentration of a lipid-encapsulated (LE) ZnO product to those of native ZnO and thereby to find insights into optimal lipid coating and dosage of the Zn supplement. A total of 192 21-d-old weanling pigs were allotted to 48 pens, after which each six pens received a ZnO-free basal diet supplemented with 125 ppm ZnO (100 ppm Zn; BASAL), 2,500 ppm Zn as native ZnO (HIGH), or 100 or 200 ppm Zn as LE ZnO (LE-100 or LE-250) containing 8%, 10%, or 12% lipid [LE-8%, LE-10%, or LE-12%, respectively; $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement within the LE-ZnO diets (LE-ALL)] for 14 d. Forty pigs were killed at the end for histological and biochemical examinations. None of ADG, ADFI, gain:feed, and fecal consistency score differed between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups. Hepatic and serum Zn concentrations were greater (p <0.05) in the HIGH vs. LE-ALL group, but did not differ between LE-ALL and BASAL, between LE-100 and -250, or among LE-8%, -10%, and -12% groups. Villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD), and the VH:CD ratio in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater CD in the duodenum in the LE-ALL vs. HIGH group. Additionally, VH and CD in the duodenum and VH:CD in the jejunum were greater in the LE-250 vs. LE-100 group. Specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and leucine aminopeptidase in these intestinal regions and those of amylase and trypsin in the pancreas were not influenced by the lipid content or dietary concentration of LE ZnO and also did not differ between the LE-ALL and either of the BASAL and HIGH groups, except for a greater pancreatic amylase activity in the former vs. HIGH group. In conclusion, the present results indicate that the LE ZnO, regardless of its lipid percentage or supplementation level examined in this study, has no significant effect on growth performance, fecal consistency, or digestive enzyme activities of weanling pigs under the experimental conditions.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.218-232
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• 2020

Data home shopping is a kind of T-commerce service with traditional TV home shopping, product DB of data broadcasting, and advantages of catalog shopping based on data broadcasting technology. Since the data home shopping service was partially started in 2012, there were no in-depth researches regarding the perception of data home shopping. Therefore in this paper, the traditional TV home shopping and data home shopping is analyzed how the perception is in terms of platform quality, service quality and content quality and what the difference in perception is. To verify this, a questionnaire survey was conducted on TV home shopping and data home shopping 140 workers who have good understanding of data home shopping. The results showed that the difference of platform quality, service quality and content quality between TV home shopping and data home shopping was significant and TV home shopping had better quality. In terms of platform quality, TV home shopping was 3.75 on a five-point scale and data home shopping was 2.93. Service quality was significantly different between TV home shopping (3.60) and data home shopping (3.25). For the quality of contents, TV home shopping had better quality as 3.21 while data home shopping was 2.82. There was no interaction effect in gender, age, position, and work field except between the age and platform quality.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 1998

This is a study on the revitalization of the fashion design studios (planning and production companies of clothing) in compliance with the request from the Small and Medium Business Administration. It's purpose is to strengthen the competence of the petty company and eventually frourish the Korean Fashion Business. The research method to conduct this study consists of two parts. First part is the research on the domestic industry mainly by questionaire, interviews and literature reviews. After making out the directory of the design studios (total of 700), 85 studios were selected for the questionaire. And by interviewing them, data with more depth was obtained. The second part is the research of the foreign cases. In the case of Japan, survey was done on the spot. However, in the case of Italy, literature review and interview with specialists were made. Also in order to higher the efficiency of the study an advisory committee and final explanatory meeting was carried into effect. This study has started first by looking into the significance and function of the fashion design studios. Then, a full scale examination was made centering around the questionarie of the present conditions of the companies. General conditions were first observed. Then the survey was done by grouping the industry by the industrial classifications such as woven, knit, leather mustang fur and fashion accesaries. The problems these companies face are that they are petty in scale and in lack of speciality, professional training, government support. Also, they are without an association or an organization that speaks for them and they face problems while doing business with others. Cases of Japan and Italy were surveyed as the example of the advanced nations. In the case of Japan, development of planning and management company, Fashion Soft House, was analyzed. Italy for instance, the function of the studios was looked into centering around the silk complex, Como, knit product complex, Capri. Also, precedent cases of brands and developing factor of the fashion industry was examined. Finally, on the basis of the result of the study, a plan to revitalize the fashion design studios was presented centering around the strategic planning, management, production, developing of talent, improvement of relationship between business acqaintance, and the support policy of the government.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.1-5
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• 2015

The productivity and demand of porous material has been increasing by development of industry and increasing income. In particular, the fire caused by using wood flour risks wood processing industry and stock farm. The heat transfer of wood flour is carried into the depth direction by effect of oxidizer around flame, flame sometimes is progressed as smoldering. In the case of progressing as combustion fire, identifying the location of fire is difficult, and it leads to failing fire aid fire fighting. Therefore potential cause is acted as raising additional damage. This paper conducts experiments of downward deep seated fire of natural convection conditions. The samples is New Zealand wood flour that is demanded much in the domestic and oversea market. In this experiment, temperature of deep seated side is measure by changing wood flour density in holder The densities used in experiment are 3%, 5%, 10%, 15%. As a result, the tendency of temperature inside decreases as wood flour density increases. But, in the case of density which is above $0.2140g/cm^3$, the phenomenon, decreasing temperature, is not shown. The result of measurement show that average flame spread speed of wood flour is 0.249 mm/min.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.31-45
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• 2014

Objective : This study was intended to provide information pertaining to reasonable consumption of medical services based on comparative analysis of the characteristics of musculoskeletal diseases(MSDs) among outpatients of Korean medical institutes, and furthermore help lay groundwork for mapping out effective Korean medical policies. Method : Based on the data of 3,889 outpatients of Korean medical institutions which were obtained from the Ministry of Health and Welfare's 2011 Report on usage of Korean medicine, the analysis was carried out by using the SAS 9.2. Results : 68.2% of subjects were found to use Korean medicine(KM) for the treatment of MSDs. Patients with MSDs were older than those with nonmusculoskeletal diseases(NMSDs). And married state, education, employed state and incomes are effected on MSDs and NMSDs. Subjective health status, number of outpatient treatments, medical cost, medical treatment satisfaction, and habitue status are depend on MSDs or NMSDs. Acupuncture and physical therapy is Major treatments of subjects investigated to have the highest treatment effect. It was found that they had high degree of satisfaction with Korean medicinal outpatient treatments, and those with MSDs were found to have significantly greater satisfaction than those with NMSDs. Conclusion : Although aforesaid results suggest significant satisfaction with KM and high treatment effects for MSDs. Accordingly it is considered necessary to develop various services related to KM for treatment of MSDs and to plan for cost down of KM. Moreover, in-depth research into NMSDs is required for utilization growth of KM.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.737-749
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• 2007

Flexural design of double composite box girder over the interior pier for three-span continuous bridge was performed by the LRFD method. The maximum span length of the continuous bridge ranged from 80m to 120m and the relative ratio of the span length was assumed to be 1:1.25:1. The girder section was designed for the strength limit state and service limit state with additional design check for constructibility. Before the bottom concrete and compression flange showed a complete composite action, the buckling of lower compression flange was checked. The flexural stiffness and flexural resistance characteristics for the section and for the constituent members such as tension flange, compression flange, and web were analyzed for different thicknesses of the bottom concrete on top of the compression flange. The effect of the distribution ratio of steel between the top and bottom flanges was investigated by analyzing ductility behavior and stress distribution through the girder's depth for several different relative area ratios of steel between the top and bottom flanges. It was found that a total amount of 15% of steel can be saved by applying the double composite system compared with that of the conventional composite system.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.341-347
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• 2013

The n-type and p-type silicon samples were exposed by 40.0, 3.98 MeV proton beams ranging between 0 to $20.0{\times}10^{13}protons/cm^2$. Coincidence Doppler Broadening Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy (CDBPAS) were applied to study of defect characteristics of p type and n type silicon samples. In this investigation the numerical analysis of the spectra was employed to the determination of the shape parameter, S, defined as the ratio between the amount of counts in a central portion of the gamma spectrum and the total counts of whole gamma spectrum. The S-parameter values strongly depend on the irradiated proton beam that indicated the defects generate more, rather than the energy intensity. 40 MeV irradiated proton beam in the n-type silicon at $20.0{\times}10^{13}protons/cm^2$ was larger defects than 3.98 MeV irradiated proton beam. It was analysis between the proton irradiation beams and the proton intensities of the irradiation. Because of the Bragg peak, SRIM results shows mainly in a certain depth of the sample to form the defect by the proton irradiation, rather than the defects to appear for the entire sample.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.2 s.58
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• pp.105-110
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• 2005

We tested the char characteristics of fire retardant treated Douglas fir at each of five constant external irradiance levels $(10,\;15,\;20,\;25\;및\;35kW/m^2)$. A Cone heater was used to expose the wood specimens to the heat flux. The size of specimens is 100- by 100- by 50-mm and the kinds of specimens are non-treated wood(N) and treated wood(F2 and f4) by water soluble fire retardants. The water-soluble fire retardants were made from mixture of aqueous solutions of monoammonium phosphate, sodium borate and zinc borate, and those are used for immersion of Douglas fir. In result of test, char fraction of fire retardant treated Douglas fir showed a considerably low char fraction than it of non-treated wood irrespective of increase of external heat flux. And char fractions has low levels with increase of fire retardant content. Burning rate of non-treated wood(N) was showed a relatively high burning rate than it of fire retardant treated wood(F2 and F4). And difference of burning rate shown more rapidly in high external irradiance than low external irradiance. When the external heat flux is $35kW/m^2$, average char rate of non-treated wood is rapidly about twice than fire retardant treated wood. Water-soluble fire retardants mixed in this study find out it has fire suppression and adiabatic effect by char layer from results of char fraction, burning rate, and char depth and rate.