• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.73-82
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• 1999

To verify the usefulness of enzyme activity as a index for the stability or maturity of apple pomace composting. the succession of microbial populations using viable count procedure. and Vmax of ${\beta}$-glucosidase and cellobiohydrolase were measured. based on an increase in fluorescence as the nonfluorescent methylumbelliferyl substrates were enzymatically hydrolyzed, leading to the highly fluorescent methylumbelliferyl molecule 4-methylumbelliferone(MUF). The activities of these enzymes in the decomposition of carbohydrates were gradually decreased in the course of the time. Correlation between microbial population and enzyme activity was not significant with exception of fungi. and the fungi were represented in high density. This indicates that the fungi probably play a major role in composting of apple pomace.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.67-109
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• 2010

The theory of creative class has shown that the creative people are the key factor of success in regional economic growth. The creative people strengthen the economic competitiveness which is crucial to attract, cultivate and mobilize the resources of that region. In order to examine the theory of creative class for regional economic growth and firm productivity in Korea, this study uses the panel data of 492 Korean firms of the industrial complex producing electic and electronic manufactured goods. They are grouped into 10 industrial complexes among 16 metropolitan areas. Our findings demonstrate that creative class and 3Ts are related to the ratio of creative population density and the regional economic growth. Specifically the creative core class is of more significance to the regional economic growth than the creative professional class or the creative artist class. In our findings the panel analysis of random effects model shows that the talent index of 3Ts as well as the regional climates arc related to the individual firm's total factor productivity. This also reflects a conglomeration of the other regional climates statistically. On the other hand, the research and development expenditure of individual firms shows positive influence for each second consecutive year for the total factor productivity. Sales volume also contributes to the total factor productivity. In conclusion, we recommend that it is important to upgrade the level of creative climates by attracting the creative minds and R&D investment of the enterprises for regional economic growth and firm's total factor productivity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.572-584
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intake and diet quality of male college student according to smoking groups. Subjects were recruited and divided into three groups according to the smoking, which included non-smoker (n = 100), light-smoker (n = 78; packyear < 5), and heavy-smoker (n = 76; packyear ${\geq}$ 5). Subjects were interviewed using a general questionnaire, 24-hour recall method for dietary intake and diet quality. The average age of the subjects were 22.7 years for non-smoker, 23.5 years for light-smoker, and 23.4 years for heavy-smoker. Also the results showed that the heavy-smoker was significantly more often to drink coffee and alcohol compared with the other two groups (p<0.001, p<0.05). The mean daily energy intake was 2278.1 kcal in non-smoker, 2148.3 kcal in light-smoker, and 2144.4 kcal in heavy-smoker. The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of vitamin C (p<0.001), calcium (p<0.01), animal calcium (p<0.01), and potassium (p<0.05) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. Also NAR (Nutrient Adequacy Ratio), ND (Nutrient Density), and INQ (Index of Nutritional Quality) of these nutrients in heavy-smoker were lower than the other two groups. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.78 in non-smoker, 0.78 in light-smoker, and 0.74 in heavy smoker (p<0.05). The heavy-smoker consumed significantly lower intakes of fruits (p<0.001) compared to the non-smoker and light-smoker. The DVS (Dietary Variety Score) of heavy-smoker (26.8) was significantly lower than that 30.4 of non-smoker and 31.5 of light-smoker (p<0.01). In conclusion, heavy-smoker man have low intake status of vitamin C, calcium and potassium, and partly low diet quality. Therefore it was needed that well planed diet to replace the nutrients supplied from excluded food groups in heavy- smoker.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.349-356
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• 2012

Several studies have been conducted on dietary patterns based on carbohydrate nutrition in Asian populations. We examined the cross-sectional associations in dietary patterns based on carbohydrate nutrition, including the glycemic index (GI) with dyslipidemia and diabetes among the Korean adult population. We analyzed 9,725 subjects (3,795 men and 5,930 women, ${\geq}$ 20 years) from the Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Dietary information was collected using single 24-hour recall. Reduced rank regression was used to derive dietary patterns from 22 food groups as predictor variables and four dietary factors related to the quantity and quality of carbohydrates as response variables. Two dietary patterns were identified: 1) the balanced pattern was characterized by high intake of various kinds of foods including white rice, and 2) the rice-oriented pattern was characterized by a high intake of white rice but low intake of vegetables, fruits, meat, and dairy products. Both patterns had considerable amounts of total carbohydrate, but GI values differed. The rice-oriented pattern was positively associated with hypertriglyceridemia in men and low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol in both men and women. The balanced pattern had no overall significant association with the prevalence of dyslipidemia or diabetes, however, men with energy intake above the median showed a reduced prevalence of diabetes across quintiles of balanced pattern scores. The results show that dietary patterns based on carbohydrate nutrition are associated with prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetes in the Korean adult population.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 2012

Zinc deficiency is known to be associated with insulin resistance in obese individuals. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of zinc supplementation on insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Forty obese women (body mass index (BMI) ${\geq}25kg/m^2$) aged 19-28 years were recruited for this study. Twenty women of the study group took 30 mg/day of supplemental zinc as zinc gluconate for 8 weeks and 20 women of control group took placebo. Usual dietary zinc intake was estimated from 3-day diet records. Insulin resistances were measured using Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) indices, and insulin sensitivities Matsuda indices, which were calculated using oral glucose tolerance test data. Metabolic risk factors, such as waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and adipocyte hormones such as leptin, and adiponectin were also measured. At the beginning of study, dietary zinc averaged 7.31 mg/day and serum zinc averaged $12.98{\mu}mol/L$ in the study group. Zinc supplementation increased serum zinc by 15% and urinary zinc by 56% (P < 0.05). HOMA values tended to decrease and insulin sensitivity increased slightly in the study group, but not significantly so. BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood glucose, triglyceride, HDL cholesterol, and adipocyte hormones did not change in either the study or control group. These results suggest that zinc status may not affect insulin resistance and metabolic risk factors in obese Korean women. Further research is required on a larger cohort with a longer follow-up to determine the effects of zinc status on insulin resistance and metabolic variables.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2012

This study was conducted to identify dietary factors that may affect the occurrence of gastric cancer in Koreans. Preoperative daily nutrition intake and diet quality of patients diagnosed with gastric cancer were evaluated. Collected data were comparatively analyzed by gender. The results were then used to prepare basic materials to aid in the creation of a desirable postoperative nutrition management program. The subjects of this study were 812 patients (562 men and 250 women) who were diagnosed with gastric cancer and admitted for surgery at Soonchunhyang University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2010. Nutrition intake and diet quality were evaluated by the 24-hr recall method, the nutrient adequacy ratio, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), nutrient density (ND), index of nutritional quality (INQ), dietary variety score (DVS), and dietary diversity score (DDS). The rate of skipping meals and eating fast, alcohol consumption, and smoking were significantly higher in males than those in females. The levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and cholesterol consumption were significantly higher in males than those in females. Intake of fiber, zinc, vitamin A, retinol, carotene, folic acid were significantly higher in females than those in males. MAR in males was significantly higher (0.83) than that in females (0.79). INQ values were higher in females for zinc, vitamin A, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin $B_6$, and folic acid than those in males. The average DVS was 17.63 for females and 13.19 for males. The average DDS was 3.68 and the male's average score was 3.44, whereas the female's average score was 3.92. In conclusion, males had more dietary habit problems and poor nutritional balance than those of females. Our findings suggest that proper nutritional management and adequate dietary education for the primary prevention of gastric cancer should be emphasized in men.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.347-361
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate dietary intake between with and without hypertension. Study subjects were more than 30 years old adults (n = 3,806) who participated in the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. People who have 'self-recognition about hypertension' and 'having diet for hypertension' were excluded. Using the WHO standard, subjects were divided into the hypertensive group (SBP> 140, DBP> 90) and the normal group (SBP< 140, DBP< 90). The Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) of a hypertensive group were higher than those of a normal group (p < 0.01). The distribution of the subjects for smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, stress, preference of salty food were not significantly different between a normal group and a hypertensive group (p>0.05). Dietary intakes were investigated by the 24-hour recall method. When food and dish intakes analyzed by sociodemographic factors, normal group consumed more fruits than those of a hypertensive group. Statistical significant were shown at female group, residences in metropolitan area and having elementary school education (p<0.05). Hypertensive group consumed more alcoholic beverages than those of a normal group at 'age 39-39', 'aged 50-64', 'high economic status', 'low economic status' and 'residences in metropolitan' (p<0.05) The amount of intakes for fat, potassium, thiamin, vitamin C and alcohol were significantly different between the normal group and the hypertensive group (p<0.05). The highest score of the Dietary diversity score (DDS) was 4 in both normal group and hypertensive group. Normal group showed high Nutrition Density (ND) of vitamin C and hypertensive group showed high ND of sodium. In summary, these results showed that significant difference for people with hypertension were intakes of fruits, alcohol, thiamin, vitamin C. And these results differed by sociodemographic groups. Therefore, the differential approach in each group is demanded for prevention and control of the hypertension.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2014.02a
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• pp.174-174
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• 2014

Memristor devices are one of the most promising candidate approaches to next-generation memory technologies. Memristive switching phenomena usually rely on repeated electrical resistive switching between non-volatile resistance states in an active material under the application of an electrical stimulus, such as a voltage or current. Recent reports have explored the use of variety of external operating parameters, such as the modulation of an applied magnetic field, temperature, or illumination conditions to activate changes in the memristive switching behaviors. Among these possible choices of signal controlling factors of memristor, photon is particularly attractive because photonic signals are not only easier to reach directly over long distances than electrical signal, but they also efficiently manage the interactions between logic devices without any signal interference. Furthermore, due to the inherent wave characteristics of photons, the facile manipulation of the light ray enables incident light angle controlled memristive switching. So that, in the tautological sense, device orienting position with regard to a photon source determines the occurrence of memristive switching as well. To demonstrate this position controlled memory device functionality, we have fabricated a metal-semiconductor-metal memristive switching nanodevice using ZnO nanorods. Superhydrophobicity employed in this memristor gives rise to illumination direction selectivity as an extra controlling parameter which is important feature in emerging. When light irradiates from a point source in water to the surface treated device, refraction of light ray takes place at the water/air interface because of the optical density differences in two media (water/air). When incident light travels through a higher refractive index medium (water; n=1.33) to lower one (air; n=1), a total reflection occurs for incidence angles over the critical value. Thus, when we watch the submerged NW arrays at the view angles over the critical angle, a mirror-like surface is observed due to the presence of air pocket layer. From this processes, the reversible switching characteristics were verified by modulating the light incident angle between the resistor and memristor.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidative potential of Korean wild leafy vegetables in vivo as well as in vitro. Antioxidative activities of Aster scaber and Ligularia fischeri were evaluated against a reference of Spinacia oleracea Forty rats were fed either control diet or respective vegetable diets for four weeks. The level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver were compared. The plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were also compared. Korean wild leafy vegetables were assayed for $\beta$-carotene, vitamin C and vitamin E and total phenolic compound including flavonoid and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value using the linoleic acid model system. SOD activity in rats fed Aster scaber was significantly higher(as much as 289%) than those fed Spinacia oleracea. Compared to control animals, the Aster scaber fed animals had significantly lower TC and lower atherogenic index. Compared to Spinacia oleracea, Aster scaber and Ligularia fischeri had vitamin C concentration of 150% and 400%, flavonoid concentrations of 470% and 310%, and phenolic compound concentrations of 326% and 203%, respectively, but tended to have lower $\beta$-carotene and significantly lower vitamin E concentrations. TBA values were only 18% of the control value in Aster scarier and Ligularia fischeri and 41% of the control value in Spinacia oleracea. These results suggest that Aster scaber could have potent antioxidative activity in vivo as well as in vitro and potential vague as a functional food to improve the plasma lipid profiles. Furthermore, phenolic and flavonoid compounds may be a major contributing factor to the antioxidative potential of Korean wild leafy vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.410-422
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• 1989

Soybean protein isolates were acylated with succinic anhydride and partially hydrolyzed with trypsin. Chemical modification decreased protein contents of samples and, in amino acid composition, tyrosine was increased comparatively. And lysine was increased remarkably by partial proteolysis. Succinylation and trypsin treatment increased the aqueous solubility and shifted the isoelectric potint that showed high pH-dependence of protein solubility. Protein solubility was influenced by salt concentration such as $NaCl,\;CaCl_2,\;NaNO_3$ and $NaH_2PO_4$. Chemical modification increased the absorption of oil and water, emulsification properties and foam capacity, but decreased foam stability, ultraviolet absorbance and bulk density. Protein-protein Interaction between soybean protein isolates and beef protein increased the emulsifying activity, emulsifying activity index and foaming properties, but it didn't have any influence on emulsion stability.