• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.195-207
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• 1982

To determine the influence of vegetarian diet on serum lipoprotein, cholesterol and protein levels, 45 young Buddhist nuns (age: $20{\sim}34$ years) and 29 female students(age: $20{\sim}22$ years) were examined. Daily caloric intakes were 1,945 Kcal for the Buddhist nuns and 1,815 Kcal for the students. The ratio of% calorie of carbohydrate: protein: fat from total calories in the Buddhist nuns was 84:11:5 and that in the students was 70:15:15. The Buddhist nuns had significantly higher carbohydrate intake but markedly lower lipid intakes than the students. Anthropometric measurement showed that the Buddhist nuns had significantly higher values of body weight, skin-fold thickness, body surface area and obesity index than the students. Both systolic and diastolic pressures of the Buddhist nuns and students were similar. Serum levels of total lipid, cholesterol and proteins in the Buddhist nuns were not different from those of the students. However, when comparing the levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions, the Buddhist nuns had lower level of HDL but significantly higher LDL levels than the students. Furthermore, the Buddhist nuns had significantly lower levels of serum HDL-cholesterol but significantly higher LDL-cholesterol levels. There were significant correlations between LDL and LDL cholesterol (r=0.40), VLDL and VLDL-cholesterol(r=0.85), HDL and HDL-cholesterol(r=0.45), total serum lipid and total cholesterol (r=0.66) and total serum cholesterol and LDL(r=0.79). On the other hand, values of both serum total protein, and fractions of serum proteins were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students(ratio of albumin: ${\alpha}_{1}-:\;{\alpha}_{2}-:\;{\beta}-:\;{\gamma}-$globulins=55:3:10:13:19). Hematocrit and hemogloblin levels were similar in the Buddhist nuns and students. Above results suggest that vegetarian diets of the Buddhist nuns produced alterations in the metabolism of the lipoproteins and cholesterol.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

Biomonitoring Survey and Assessment Manual for lake ecosystem suggest zooplankton collection methods to compare relatively the number of species, population density, and community indices, taking into account the convenience of the field sampling according to the sites' water depth. In this study, the oblique towing and 20 m vertical towing methods presented in the manual were respectively compared with the whole water column-vertical towing and we analyzed the differences and characteristics of zooplankton community information gathered by each collection method. For community indices, there was no difference in the comparison of oblique/vertical towing methods in the shallow lake, but in the deep lake, the diversity and richness indices increased when vertically towing through whole water column rather than when limiting the towing depth to 20 m. In addition, the total zooplankton density collected by the oblique/20 m vertical towing methods was about three times higher than the whole water column-vertical towing method, which means that the density of zooplankton community can be overestimated depending on the collection methods. It appears to be results of differences in the zooplankton density by water layer arising from their vertical distribution and in filtered raw water quantity according to the towing depth/distance. Hence, for zooplankton community information to be used as a functional quantitative indicator representing the entire lake, it would be more appropriate to apply the whole water column-vertical towing method with considering the distribution of zooplankton density by depth and contribution rate of each water layer when converting total zooplankton density.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.86-98
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate factors affecting bone density of food and nutrition vegetarian and non-vegetarian university students in Seoul area. Data for food habits, dietary and health-related behaviors were obtained by self administered questionnaires. BQI(bone quality index) of the subjects was measured by an Quantitative Ultrasound (QUS). The results are summarized as follows: The average height, weight, BMI and osteopenia percentage of the vegetarian and non-vegetarian male and female student were 172.61cm, 62.42kg, 20.98 and 24.2%; 175.38cm, 72.52kg, 23.71 and 16.7%; 160.47cm, 55.76kg, 21.66 and 55.9%; 161.77cm, 56.34kg, 21.53 and 37.6%, respectively. The BQI of the subjects were 101.73 and 107.43 in male student group, and 84.15, 89.64 in female student group, respectively. The BQI, Z-score value of bone density was significantly different in female group. Weight and BMI were positively related with BQI in male and female group. BQI was positively affected by nutrition supplement and negatively affected by seafood in vegetarian male student group. In vegetarian female student group, amount of meal was positively related with BQI and meal regularity was negatively related BQI. The result of this study revealed that the desirable food habits, dietary behaviors and health-related lifestyles may have a beneficial effect on bone density. They should have practically and systematically organized nutritional education on optimum body weight, good eating habits, weight bearing exercise and intakes of good quality nutrient for higher bone density level.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.223-232
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• 2008

In order to determine the temporal and spatial variations of nutrient profiles in the shallow pore water columns (upper 30 cm depth) of intertidal sandflats, we measured the salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water and seawater at various coastal environments along the southern coast of Korea. In the intertidal zone, salinity and nutrient concentrations in pore water showed marked vertical changes with depth, owing to the active exchange between the pore water and overlying seawater, while they are temporally more stable and vertically constant in the sublittoral zone. In some cases, the advective flow of fresh groundwater caused strong vertical gradients of salinity and nutrients in the upper 10 cm depth of surface sediments, indicating the active mixing of the fresher groundwater with overlying seawater. Such upper pore water column profiles clearly signified the temporal fluctuation of lower-salinity and higher-Si seawater intrusion into pore water in an intertidal sandflat near the mouth of an estuary. We also observed a semimonthly fluctuation of pore water nutrients due to spring-neap tide associated recirculation of seawater through the upper sediments. Our study shows that the exchange of water and nutrients between shallow pore water and overlying seawater is most active in the upper 20 cm layer of intertidal sandflats, due to physical forces such as tides, wave set-up, and density-thermal gradient.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2013

Myanmar(Burma) has been preserved valuable environmental resources because of its political isolation. But recently, Myanmar has moved a capital city(Naypyidaw) at central forest area and it has been urbanized radically since 2005. In this paper, we built multi-temporal land cover map from Landsat images of 1970s to 2012 with ENVI 4.5 software. For a broad approach, administrative district Yamethin which includes Naypyidaw is classified into 3 classes and with only Naypyidaw region is classified with 4-5 classes to analyse specific changes. And with forest cover extracted by Object Oriented Classification, we evaluated forest fragmentation before and after the development using Patch Analyst(FRAGSTATs 3.3) at Yamethin area. For Yamethin area, there were significant forest cover change, 51% in 1999 to 48% in 2012, and for Naypyidaw area, 67% in 1999 to 57% in 2012 respectively. Also landscape indices resulted from Patch Analyst concluded that the total edge, edge density and mean shaped index of forest patches increased and total core area is decreased. It is attributed from land cover change with urbanization and agricultural land expansion.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.382-390
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide the basic findings concerning a quality evaluation. The first conclusion is the coffee's $CO_2$ gas production between a roast brewed at 0 hour and 72 hours after grinding. The espresso, 48 hours after its grind, emits a small amount of $CO_2$ gas, whereas 72 hours after being grinded there is no discharge. In the sensory evaluation, the overall preference is the 72 hours later grind, in accordance to the decrease of the bitter, acid, and sour taste with the increase of the sweet, nutty, and chocolaty flavors. The foam index indicates a significant reduction between the roasts brewed at 0 hour and 72 hours after grinding. A persistence of crema in the Colombian Colombia and Ethiopian Yirgacheffe decline for the 72 hours after its grind coffee. The Tanzanian Kilimanjaro and Brazilian Cerrado roasts show no difference. The pH is decreased in the 72 hours after its grind roast. Moreover, sugar contents in the Colombian Excelso and Brazilian Cerrado are increased, whereas the Tanzanian Kilimanjaro sugar contents are decreased, along with its density.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.55-74
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• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to search the factors which influence the distribution of commercial function. Commercial function plays the most important role in determining urban spacial structure. The location of commercial function is influenced by topography, accessibility, population, and urban policy. Due to the lack of formal data these factors have not been studed to the full. But GIS makes it possible to conduct researches in analyzing these factors. The results are : (1) The index of employment density connects with topography, population, accessibility and urban policy. (2) The location of commercial function is influenced by these factors (3) GIS is a useful tool in analyzing urban spacial structure.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.315-320
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• 2020

This study deals with the yielding behavior and strain aging properties of three bake hardening steels with dual-phase microstructure, fabricated by varying the annealing temperature. Bake hardening and aging tests are performed to examine the correlation of martensite volume fraction with yielding behavior and strain aging properties of the bake hardening steels with dual-phase microstructure. The volume fraction of martensite increases with increasing annealing temperature. Room-temperature tensile test results show that the yielding behavior changes from discontinuous-type to continuous-type with increasing volume fraction of martensite due to higher mobile dislocation density. According to the bake hardening and aging tests, the specimen with the highest fraction of martensite exhibited high bake hardening with low aging index because solute carbon atoms in ferrite and martensite effectively diffuse to dislocations during the bake hardening test, while in the aging test they diffuse at only ferrite due to lower aging temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.711-714
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• 2015

In this paper, high quality AlN layers were regrown on AlN nanopillar structure with $SiO_2$-dots by HVPE. Surface morphology of AlN layer regrown exhibited flatter than a conventional AlN template. The laterally overgrown AlN regions would consist of a continuous well coalesced layer with lower dislocation density than in the template because of the dislocation blocking and dislocation bending effects. Moreover, result of Raman spectroscopy suggest that the AlN nanopillar structure with $SiO_2$-dots relieves the strain in the AlN layer regrown by HVPE.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.73-88
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• 2018

We present a sample of 54 disk galaxies which have well developed extraplanar structures. We selected them using visual inspections from the color images of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Since the sizes of the extraplanar structures are comparable to the disks, they are considered as prominent stellar halos rather than large bulges. A single $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ profile fitted to the surface brightness along the minor-axis of the disk shows a luminosity excess in the central regions for the majority of sample galaxies. This central excess is considered to be caused by the central bulge component. The mean $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ index of the single component model is $1.1{\pm}0.9$. A double $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ profile model that employs n = 1 for the inner region, and varying n for the outer region, provides a better fit than the single $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ profile model. For a small fraction of galaxies, a $S{\acute{e}}rsic$ profile fitted with n = 4 for the inner region gives similar results. There is a weak tendency of increasing n with increasing luminosity and central velocity dispersion, but there is no dependence on the local background density.