• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.219-228
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• 2018

This study evaluated the effects of glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate (GPGR) supplementation in different energy density diets on the growth performance, blood profiles, excreta gas emission, and total tract apparent retention (TTAR) of nutrients in broilers. A total of 544 one-day-old male Ross broilers were used in a 35-day trial. The broilers were allocated into one of four treatment groups in a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement with two levels of energy densities (a normal energy or decreased energy density) and GPGR (0 and 0.035%). From day 18 to 35, the GPGR supplemented and normal energy density diet groups showed a significantly improved (p < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG). Meanwhile, the GPGR supplemented diet group had a significantly reduced (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to that of the non-supplemented diet group. From day 0 to 35, the GPGR supplemented diet and the normal energy density diet groups had a significantly increased (p < 0.01) BWG and a reduced (p < 0.01) FCR. Moreover, GPGR supplementation tended to increase (p < 0.1) the TTAR of the dry matter (DM) compared with the non-supplemented diets. Likewise, the normal energy density diets had a significantly improved TTAR for the gross energy (GE) (p < 0.05) than that of the decreased energy density diets. No interactive effects were observed between the energy density and GPGR supplemented diets. In conclusion, both dietary GPGR supplementation and normal energy density diets had beneficial effects on the growth performance of broiler chickens without any adverse effects on blood profiles and excreta gas emission.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.728-730
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• 2003

Bond lengths, harmonic vibrational frequencies and dissociation energies of TlAt are calculated at ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory using effective spin-orbit operator and relativistic effective core potentials. Spin-orbit effects estimated from density functional theory are in good agreement with those from ab initio calculations, implying that density functional theory with effective core potentials can be an efficient and reliable methods for spin-orbit interactions. The estimated $R_e$, $ω_e$ and $D_e$ values are 2.937 ${\AA}$, 120 $cm^{-1}$, 1.96 eV for TlAt. Spin-orbit effects generally cause the bond contraction in Group 13 elements and the bond elongation in the Group 17 elements, and spin-orbit effects on Re of TlAt are almost cancelled out. The spinorbit effects on $D_e$ of TlAt are roughly the sum of spin-orbit effects on $D_e$ of the corresponding element hydrides. Electron correlations and spin-orbit effects are almost additive in the TlAt molecule.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.295-301
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• 2003

Effects of the settlement density of germlings and canopy on settled germlings of Fucus serratus were investigated on the rocky shore of the Isle of Man. The survival of transplanted germlings was mainly determined by parent canopy rather than by initial settlement density of germlings. However, germling growth was greater at low density than at high density and enhanced by canopy removal. Recruitment by natural propagules was stimulated at high settlement density and maximal recruits occurred on caged slides under the canopy. On the experimental slides, tiny snails and sedimentation were ,found. The number of snails was positively related with the settlement density of germ lings indicating that they fed the germlings. Sedimentation and snail number were greater with canopy removal treatments than in canopy intact ones. These indicate that ,canopy sweeping gives benefits to germlings by removing sediment from substrata and protecting them from herbivores. In conclusion, the survival of settled F. serratus germlings is mainly determined by canopy sweeping and their growth is retarded in the presence of a canopy and at high settlement density.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.553-557
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• 2008

The effects of cheonggukjang and doenjang on bone mineral density, trabecular area and cortical thickness of the tibia, and serum osteocalcin level in ovariectomized rats were investigated. After 4 weeks, bone mineral density, bone trabecular area, the cortical thickness index, and serum osteocalcin level were analyzed. The cheonggukjang and doenjang diet groups showed significant prevention of ovariectomized (OVX)-related body weight gain. Whole body bone mineral density of the OVX group was significantly lower than that of the sham group, whereas the cheonggulgang and doenjang diets resulted in complete restoration of bone mineral density. Trabecular area in the proximal diaphysis and cortical thickness in the distal diaphysis of the tibia were increased significantly in the cheonggukjang and doenjang diet fed groups. The cheonggukjang and doenjang diets significantly reduced serum osteocalcin level in the OVX rats. These results suggest that cheonggukjang and doenjang might have inhibitory effects on osteoporosis, by showing accelerated bone formation in OVX rats.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2009

The propagation of an intense laser pulse through an upward density-gradient plasma in a self-modulated laser wakefield acceleration (SM-LWFA) is investigated by using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. In the fully relativistic and kinetic PIC simulations, the relativistic and kinetic effects including Landau damping enhance the electron dephasing. This electron dephasing is the most important factor for limiting the energy of accelerated electrons. However, the electron dephasing, which is enhanced by relativistic and kinetic effects in the homogeneous plasma, can be forestalled through the detuning process arising from the longitudinal density gradient. Simulation results show that the detuning process can effectively maintain the coherence of the laser wake wave in the spatiotemporal wakefield pattern, hence considerable energy enhancement is achievable. The spatiotemporal profiles are analyzed for the detailed study on the relativistic and kinetic effects. In this paper, the optimum slope of the density gradient for increasing electron energy is presented for various laser intensities.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.293-298
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• 2008

Cirsium japonicum water extracts has been used to treat vascular related diseases. We have previously reported that Cirsium japonicum extracts activated estrogen receptors. It is widely known that estrogen increases the high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease the low density lipoprotein cholesterol on the lipid profile. But effects of Cirsium japonicum on lipid profile are not reported yet. Therefore, we have studied the effects of Cirsium japonicum on the lipid content in ovariectomized rats. Thirty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats of $210{\pm}20\;g$ were studied for 10 weeks. The rats were divided into five groups; (I) sham, no ovariectomized rats plus olive oil, (II) ovariectomized rats plus olive oil, (III) ovariectomized rats plus 0.5 mg/kg $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2) in olive oil, (IV) ovariectomized rats plus 0.5 mg/kg Cirsium japonicum in olive oil, and (V) ovariectomized rats plus 5 mg/kg Cirsium japonicum in olive oil. Treatment with Cirsium japonicum or E2 induced significant reduction in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol, total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol compared to control group as well as increase in uterine weight. However, changes in triglycerides levels were different. Our results suggest that Cirsium japonicum is functionally similar to E2 in vivo as well as in vitro.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.9-14
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• 2008

The effects of baffles in PEM fuel cell with parallel flow channel has been simulated by using conmmercial program. The simulation has been conducted through the channel and there are four different heights of baffles, No Baffle($H_b$=0), Partially Blocked Baffle(0.25, 0.5, 0.75), Fully Blocked Baffle(1) conditions. The result shows that current density changes while placing a baffle at the various positions along the channel. Current density with a single baffle is higher than that without baffle and current density using Fully Blocked Baffle(FBB) is much higher than current density using Partially Blocked Baffle(PBB). When the baffle is closer to outlet of the channel, current density increases. It is found that pressure is related to current density. If the pressure is higher, the better performance will be expected.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2003

Effects of genotype, settlement density and irradiane on the growth, mortality and population structure of Fucus serratus germlings were examined in the laboratory. The growth of F. serratus germlings was influenced by genotype of parent plants, which is likely to occur by microclimatic differentiation of substrata. The growth of germlings were greater at lower densities than higher densities indicating that intraspecific competition between germlings occurred within three weeks. Also, the growth of F. serratus germlings was better at $120\mumol\;m^-2/s^-1$ than at $60\mumol\;m^-2/s^-1$. However, mortality of germlings was determined by settlement density rather than irradiance. In population structure, skewness was increased at low irradiance and high density indicating that population structure could be changed by intraspecific competition. Thus, it is concluded that genotypic differentiation of F. serratus germlings occurred in a microgeographic scale, and the experimental density and irradiance level affected the growth of germlings.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.261-269
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• 2003

This study examined the effects of store density levels on consumers'crowding perception and the effects of perceived retail crowding on consumer emotions and in turn shopping behavior. In addition, the study investigated the effects of perceived price value and store type on the segmented dimensions of perceived retail crowding. Results of an experimental test with 3 density levels and 2 store types confirmed the effects of density on social crowding and spatial crowding. While social crowding positively affected arousal, spatial crowding negatively did pleasure which in turn affected approach-avoidance behavior. Though two store types showed the same pattern in such relationships, the effect of perceived price value on retail crowding was different by store type.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1987

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of plant density and urea supplement on the yield, quality, value and total nitrogen, alkaloid contents of burley tobacco leaves. The results were as fellows; As urea supplement were increased from 0kg/10a to 50kg/10a, yield, total alkaloid, total nitrogen of cured leaf were significantly increased. The lower plant density levels also increased dry weight and leaf area per plant. Price of cured leaves were not influenced by plant density and amounts of urea supplemented. The effects of plant density and urea supplement on the number of leaves were not detected.