• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.138-148
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• 2001

Digital Video (DV) coding standards for digital video cassette recorder are based mainly on DCT and variable length coding. DV has low hardware complexity but high compressed bit rate of about 26 Mb/s. Thus, it is necessary to encode video with low complex video coding at the studios and then transcode compressed video into MPEG-2 for video-on-demand system. Because these coding methods exploit DCT, transcoding in the DCT domain can reduce computational complexity by excluding duplicated procedures. In transcoding DV into MPEC-2 intra coding, multiplying matrix by transformed data is used for 4:1:1-to-4:2:2 chroma format conversion and the conversion from 2-4-8 to 8-8 DCT mode, and therefore enables parallel processing. Variance of sub block for MPEG-2 rate control is computed completely in the DCT domain. These are verified through experiments. We estimate motion hierarchically using DCT coefficients for transcoding into MPEG-2 inter coding. First, we estimate motion of a macro block (MB) only with 4 DC values of 4 sub blocks and then estimate motion with 16-point MB using IDCT of 2$\times$2 low frequencies in each sub block, and finish estimation at a sub pixel as the fifth step. ME with overlapped search range shows better PSNR performance than ME without overlapping.

• The Journal of Korean society of community based occupational therapy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2020

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors affecting occupational therapist's job stress through meta-analysis. Methods : In order to achieve the purpose of the study, 15 studies that examined job stress of occupational therapists were selected for analysis. The general characteristics of individual papers and the magnitude of the effect of related variables on job stress were calculated. The effect size of related variables on job stress and sub-factors (Fisher z) were calculated. Results : The results were found that the effect size on job stress was not significant in the variables of education level, salary and age. The largest effect size was found to be turnover intention (ES=1.161). There was no significant effect size in sub-factors of interpersonal conflict, organization system and insufficient job control. There was a significant effects in physical environment, lack of reward, job insecurity, job demand and occupational climate. Conclusion : The results of this study were suggested that an approach depending on sub-factors is needed to reduce job stress of occupational therapists. Satisfaction, burnout, and self-efficacy, which are psychological factors, are considered to be needed a program for psychological empowerment in order to reduce the job stress of the occupational therapist with a medium effect size according to individual sub-factors.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.143-155
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• 2016

Recently, the interest on applying AVM(Around View Monitoring) systems in construction equipments have been increasing due to the demand for better control, work efficiency and safety. Most of the existing AVM systems have been developed focusing on the application in automobiles and only several AVM systems have been developed for construction equipments. However, the original technology of AVM remained the same as in the automobiles that failed to consider the main properties of construction equipments and suggest appropriate range of AVM display (Top-view). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to suggest a pilot type of AVM system for construction equipment. Accordingly, literature review, deduction of main consideration factors, selection of sensors, system design, algorithm development of a pilot type of AVM system for construction equipment have been conducted. A laboratory experiment has also been conducted for the deduction of further improvements. As a result, a minimum image refresh rate of 20 fps has been achieved that clearly reflects the actual situation of the equipment and also, the actual motions of Boom, Arm, Bucket have been displayed appropriately on the AVM system based on the angle data collected by sensors. However, the experiment results have also shown that the following tasks still remain for future work: 1)Improvement of AVM image interpolation, 2)Development of calibration module for variety construction equipment.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.107-117
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• 2015

As the demand for urban business hotel has increased in the recent years due to the sharp rise in overseas tourists, the potential of business hotel development has gained in financial attention for the real estate investment. However, its concept and business domain has not been defined, and none of investment guidance for the development has not been clarified. Accordingly, this report intends to define the concept of urban business hotel in perspective of real estate investment through prior case studies and literature review, and provide the structure of determinants which control its investment decisions. Furthermore, this study develops the weight of determinants depending on the type of investment, and evaluate the two actual projects in urban area of Seoul, differed from investment type: direct and indirect, based on AHP and Fuzzy methodologies. Research finding indicate that the financial factors affecting the sales and tour business condition factors are critical determinants regardless of investment type. And it is notable that the direct investment perspective pays more attention on the finance and investment associated determinants while the indirect one more focuses on the regional and environmental ones. From the analysis of case evaluation, it is also noteworthy that the direct investors turn out to be more conservative than indirect investors due to the risk of equity capital investment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.1
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• pp.78-85
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the effects of shading and leaf mold treatment on growth characteristics and photosynthesis responses of Peucedanum japonicum in forest farming. It is very valuable as a sort of health food, so that the demand for the vegetable has increased recently. The experiment can not only increase the yield but also contribute to the development of eco-friendly technology for high-quality P. japonicum. It was performed by shading treatments (full sunlight, 35%, 50% and 75% shading) and leaf mold treatments (control, pine tree and chestnut tree). Height, stem diameter, root collar diameter, number of stem and dry weight were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under full sunlight. Leaf area, leaf length and leaf width were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under 35% shading. Photosynthetic rate, conductance to $H_2O$, transpiration rate and water use efficiency were the highest in chestnut-leaf mold under full sunlight. Specially, photosynthetic rate was higher under chestnut-leaf mold in all shading treatment, and getting lower in the higher shading rate. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that P. japonicum grows nicely by maintaining 35% shading under chestnutleaf mold in forest farming. Thus, it is the most effective way to increase the yield for high-quality P. japonicum with eco-friendly technology.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.171-188
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• 2003

Environmental Impact Assessment(ElA) in Korea has been used to improve environmental conservation and decision-making since environmental impact statement(EIS) was introduced in 1981 with the promulgation of the Environmental Preservation Act in 1977. which replaoed the Pollution Control Act legislated in 1%3. Together with a rapid growth of environmental perception as well as the diversification of development activities, however, it has recently bring about a strong demand for a new assessment process related to the strategic level of policies, plan, programs. In order to overcome such a limit in ElA system, Prior Environmental Review System(PERS) was introduced for assessment of administrative plans mainly concerned with development projects in 1993. In 1999. the regulations for PERS have been established by an amendment of the Basic Environmental Policy Act.Therefore the foundation of EIA system to integrate environmental concerns in planning processes and project works has been refonned. However the results of the execution of PERS were somewhat insuffident due to the institutional and technical matters. As the world's attention turns to sustainability and the considerations of cumulative effects, the concept of strategic envirorunental assessment(SEA) has taken on more significance and urgency and increasing number of countries and international organizations now undertake some form of SEA. The term SEA, however, is variously defined and understood, generally it means a formal process of systematic analysis of the envirorunental effects of development policies, plans, programmes and other proposed strategic actions. This process extends the aims and principles of EIA upstream in the decision-making process, beyond the project level and when major alternatives are still open. In this paper, we are discussing the significance of SEA and its relevance to EIA and the international trends and institutionalization of SEA. In conclusion we are discussing the comprehensive developing plan for SEA in Korea, then proposing a plan to make institutional arrangements for its application.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.113-129
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• 2009

Abstract Corporate activities are composed of numerous working processes and during the working flow, various business processes are being created and completed simultaneously. Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) makes the working process simple, yet creates more complicated work structure and therefore, there is an absolute need of efficient management for business processes. The workflow literature has been looking for efficient and effective ways of rediscovering and mining workflow intelligence and knowledge from their enactment histories and event logs. As part of studies to analyze and improve the process, the concepts of 'Process Mining', 'Process re-discovery', 'BPR (Business Process Reengineering)' have appeared and the studies for practical implementation are proactively being done. However, these studies normally follow the approach throughout data warehousing for log data of process instances. It is very hard for these approaches to reflect user's intention to the rediscovering and mining activities. The process instances designed based on the consideration of analysis can make groupings effectively and when the analysis demand of user changes within the analysis domain can also reduce the cost of analysis. Therefore, the thesis proposes a special type of workflow model, which is called a colored workflow model, that is extended from the ICN (information control net) modeling methodology by reinforcing the concept of colored token. The colored tokens represent the conceptual types of constraints and criteria that can be used to classifying and grouping the workflow intelligence and knowledge extracted from the corresponding workflow models' enactment histories and event logs. Through the runtime information of process instances, it makes possible to analyze proactive and user-oriented process with the goal of deriving business knowledge from the beginning of process definition.

• School Mathematics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2004

Recently, we have been listening such a words, that is, the crisis of public education through the mass communication such as newspaper or broadcasting. This means that we didn't have an enough opportunity to think it over about good education programme which the education of school can be normalized or the design of curriculum in the current problems such as overcrowded class, teacher and poor finance which is not still solved. As we know, it is true that the older generation is familiar with the rote learning which was under the control of behaviorism for about three hundred years. Fortunately, The 7th curriculum which had made public by the ministry of education on 30 Dec. 1997 have changed so many things such as real life based or activity based and so on. But it still leaves something to be desired in reflecting the demand of teachers of field. Taking into account this real situation, I have wondered how they run curriculum and how math learning programme of lower grade is different with ours in New Zealand, etc and so I had tried to find some suggestive points through the comparison of curriculum and text between Korea and New Zealand. But, if we want to compare all the strands of curriculum between two countries, it is too global and so in this paper, we deal with only number and operations(number), measurement, figure(geometry), equation and patter(algebra), probability and statistics(statistics) which are dealt with more comparatively in the lower grade of primary school. Because the main purpose of this paper is a comparison and analysis of the curriculum and math learning program of the lower grade in the primary school between two countries and so we compare global characteristics of education system and curriculum between two countries, at first and then we dealt with the very core part of the content of New Zealand curriculum within the ranges of level 1, 2 and 3 and global characteristics of learning program simultaneously.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.9-56
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• 2008

The medical practice does not always get a satisfatory result since the disease progress of patients are depended on patients' physical constitution and the doctors cannot control the outcomes about patients' physiological and biological reaction after the treatment. Moreover, the medical practice may bring wrong result fatalistically because of the unpredictablility of life. To demand for compensation of the damage to the doctors about these wrong result, the patient side holds the burden of proof that is between medical practice and demage, and there is damage from doctor's malpractice according to the accepted theory about the fundamental principle of distribution of the burden of proof. This falls not only under the liability of Tort Law, but also liability of Contract Law. However, the patient may be in difficult situation to prove the malpractice of doctors since he or she cannot recognize the facts because he or she was in unconscious while the medical practice was conducted, or they cannot judge precisely even though they recognize the facts. Nevertheless, the lawsuits against medical malpractice are the field that never achieves the equality of arms since the most of the evidence belong to the doctor's side. Hence, to maintain the principle of the equality of arms under the constitution, the theory leads to alleviate the burden of proof that patients hold. However, the doctors cannot be asked for the burden of proof that they conduct medical practice without errors. Because the doctors may experience difficulty to prove their innocence as the patients because of the unique characteristic that medical practices have. Therefore, the methods of the alleviation of the patient's burden of proof should have the equality of arms and the equal opportunity between the patients and the doctors with the evaluation of the justifiable interest from both the patients and the doctors. As the methods of the alleviation of the burden of proof, the alleviation of the demands and the degree of the burden of proof or resolutely the conversion of the burden may be considered. However, Recognizing the exception from general principle with converting the burden of proof is not proper in principle because the doctors may experience difficulty of the proof as the patients may have. If the difficulty of proof can be resolved by alleviating of the demands and the degree of the burden of proof, it is more desirable resolution rather than converting the burden of proof.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2015

White ledger usually includes white office paper, computer paper, and copy machine paper. Because these grades need high optical properties, fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) are widely used in the papermaking process. FWAs are the most powerful and effective chemical used to obtain high CIE whiteness and ISO brightness in papers. The rising demand for white or ultra-white papers has increased the use of FWAs. However, FWAs used in white ledger can restrict its use, even though white ledger is widely used as a raw material in paperboard mills. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to control FWAs from white ledger to increase its use in paperboard mills. In this study, the behaviors of disulpho fluorescent whitening agent (D-FWA), tetrasulpo fluorescent whitening agent (T-FWA), and hexasulpho fluorescent whitening agent (H-FWA) during the recycling process were identified as a first step to remove FWAs from white ledger. We prepared four types of papers (dyed with D-FWA, T-FWA, and H-FWA), disintegrated these papers, and made handsheets. This recycling process was carried out three times in a laboratory. After each round of recycling, the hand-sheets' CIE whiteness and fluorescence index were measured, and the distribution of FWAs in the Z-direction was observed using CLSM images. FWA reductions in the model papers were calculated using fluorescence indices as a function of the number of recycling. FWAs in handsheets containing T-FWA and H-FWA decreased linearly as a function of the number of recycling, but D-FWA did not show a significant reduction in the fluorescence index after recycling. T-FWA and H-FWA showed similar distributions of D-FWA after recycling. Therefore, as much T-FWA and H-FWA as possible must be detached in the early processes of papermaking at paperboard mills.