• Title/Summary/Keyword: degree-days

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복합(複合) resin의 변록누출(邊綠漏出)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究) (A STUDY ON THE MARGINAL LEAKAGE OF COMPOSITE RESIN)

  • 조진호
    • Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.131-138
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    • 1981
  • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal leakage of composite resin. Preparing 144 class V cavities on freshly extracted noncarious teeth, composite resins were prepared and inserted by one dentist according to the manufacturer's instructions. The experiments were performed in two different groups; In group I; Class V cavities with $90^{\circ}$ cavosurface angle, In group II; Class V cavities with $135^{\circ}$ cavosurface angle. And each group was divided 2 subgroups; In control group; composite resin restoraions without acid etch technique. In experimental group; composite resin restorations with acid etch technique. All specimens were immersed in 0.05% crystal violet solution. Before examination, the restored teeth were subjected to thermal stress. The specimens were sectioned occlusogingivally through the center of the restorations with a diamond disk. The sections were examined under a reflected light microscope at 1 day, 7 days and 30 days after immersing the specimens in dye solution. The results were as follows; 1. Control group of group I and group II showed marginal leakage. 2. The degree of marginal leakage in experimental group was greater reduced than control group. 3. In control group, the degree of marginal leakage in group I was greater than group II. 4. In experimental group, there is not statistical differences of the degree of marginal leakage between group I & group II.

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제조업과 서비스 부문 기후 리스크 측정 (Measuring the Weather Risk in Manufacturing and Service Sectors in Korea)

  • 오형나
    • 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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    • 제24권3호
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    • pp.551-572
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    • 2015
  • 지구 온난화와 그에 따라 발생빈도가 늘어난 이상기온 현상으로 인해 제조업과 서비스 업종에서 감당해야 할 기후위험 역시 증가하는 추세에 있다. 본 연구는 Pardo et al. (2002)이 이용한 간단한 실증모델 추정을 통해 품목별 기후리스크를 측정한다. 실증분석의 결과, 제조업 품목의 26.7%, 서비스 업종의 27.9%가 날씨여건에 따라 판매량이나 경영성과에 유의미한 변화를 경험하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Effects of Dietary Buffering Characteristics and Protected or Unprotected Acids on Piglet Growth, Digestibility and Characteristics of Gut Content

  • Bosi, P.;Jung, H.J.;Han, In K.;Perini, S.;Cacciavillani, J.A.;Casini, L.;Creston, D.;Gremokolini, C.;Mattuzzi, S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제12권7호
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    • pp.1104-1110
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    • 1999
  • We condicted two experiments to evaluate the interaction among fumaric acid (FA), protected acids (PA), or no additional acid (NO) and two different levels of acid buffering capacity (BC) in diets for 14-d-old weaned pigs. BC was varied substituting mono-calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate for dicalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. In the high BC diet plus PA, FA was also added. In Exp. 1, 48 gilts were raised for 31 days on the six diets, evaluating growth performance and fecal digestibility. In Exp. 2, 42 gilts were raised. With each diet three subjects were sacrificed after 19 days and four after 38 days. In addition, six subjects were sacrificed at weaning. Growth and carcass performance, ileal digestibility, bacterial populations and pH in the gut were assessed. The piglet performance and stomach, ileal and cecal pH, and empty body composition were not affected by the diets. Empty body composition other than ash content was affected by piglet age (p<0.01). The BC did not influence digestibility. The dietary inclusion of PA improved fecal digestibility of protein (p<0.05) compared to the addition of FA and NO. Ileal digestibility slightly increased with both acid additions (p<0.10), the groups receiving PA showing the higher values. Piglets fed diets with low BC had lower Lactobacillus and E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.07) and higher Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.08). Acidified diets tended to reduce E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.10) and increased Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.09). The addition in the diet of PA increased Lactobacillus in the ileum compared to the sole addition of free fumaric acid (p=0.07). The addition of protected acids, combined with free fumaric acid in the case of high BC diets, increased protein digestibility and Lactobacillus counts and reduced E.coli counts. Only some changes in the concentration of bacterial population can be expected with a diet of low BC.

우리나라 유산균 제품의 Yeast, Mold 오염에 관한 조사연구 (A Study on Yeast and Mold Contamination of Fermented Milk Products in Korea)

  • 홍종해
    • 한국환경보건학회지
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    • 제7권1호
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    • pp.51-57
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    • 1981
  • This Study was carried out to investigate yeast and mold contamination in fermented milk products produced by 9 different domestic manufacturers from October 20. to December 5. 1980 The results obtained in the study were as follows 1) pH values of the products were ranged from pH 3.14 to pH 4.20 and average of sour milk drinks was pH $3.66\pm 0.19$ and fermented milks pH $3.74\pm 0.11$. Therefore the difference of pH average among sour milk drinks and fermented milks was statistically significant. (p<0.01) 2) In case of yeast contamination, yeast was found on all the four producted at the same date. From this result, it seemed that yeast contamination occured during the manufacturing progress. 3) Degree of contamination by the indicator organisms was E. coli positive, 3.7%: over 1,000 yeasts/ml, 14.8% over 10 molds/ml, 0.9%. 4) In the range of over 1,000 yeasts/ml, degree of contamination by yeast was 8.4% in fermented milk and 16.7% in sour milk drink. 5) Yeasts in product C increased to the spoilage number within 5 days and in H increased within 10 days at 5C. At 15$\circ$C, yeast increased to the spoilage number within 15 days in product A.D. 6) It seems that the yeast number of initial contamination should be important than the increase rate as criteria on the fermented Milk products.

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가시오가피, 당귀와 산수유 성분이 함유된 메주로 제조한 전통 된장의 이화학적 특성 및 관능적 특성 (Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Traditional Doenjang Prepared using a Meju Containing Components of Acanthopanax senticosus, Angelica gigas, and Corni fructus)

  • 이임진;한진숙
    • 한국식품조리과학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.90-97
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    • 2009
  • Changes in the quality characteristics of doenjang prepared with a meju containing components of Acanthopanax senticosus, Angelica gigas and Corni fructus during storage were evaluated. Three types of doenjang produced using each of these components showed lower Hunter's L and a values than the values of the control during the initial stage of storage: however, these values were similar to those of the control after 60 days of storage. Doenjang containing A. gigas showed a similar degree of browning to that of the control during the early stage of storage, while the degree of browning observed in the other samples was much higher than that og the control during this period. Despite these initial differences, the browning in all samples became similar after extended storage. The level of acidity increased gradually for up to 60 days, after which it decreased slightly. The pH of all treatments decreased with storage time. The amino-N contents of all types of doenjang increased gradually, reaching peak values after 60 days. Doenjang with A. senticosus and A. gigas had a strong characteristic flavor that reduced the native flavor of doenjang. Doenjang with C. fructus showed a similar overall palatability to that of the control.

복숭아 품종의 만개기와 과실 생장에 영향을 미치는 환경요인 분석 (Analysis of Environmental Factors for Full Bloom Stage and Fruit Growth in Peach)

  • 한현희;한점화;정재훈;류수현;권용희
    • 한국기후변화학회지
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    • 제7권4호
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    • pp.493-498
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    • 2016
  • This study was conducted to investigate the effect of environment factors on full bloom stage and fruit width in four peach cultivars. The average temperature in March was the main factor to determine the date of full bloom in 'Kurakatawase'($-0.6871^*$) and 'Changhowon Hwangdo'($-0.5270^*$). The fruit growth curve after 35 days from full bloom was the double sigmoid shape in 'Changhowon Hwangdo' cultivar. Environmental factors affecting fruit width were mean diurnal range(BIO2) and temperature annual range(BIO 7) in 'Kurakatawase', growing degree days(GDD) after 30 days from full bloom and July precipitation in 'Yumyeong', and annual mean temperature(BIO1), BIO7, and July precipitation in 'Kawanakajima Hakuto'. Of these, major environmental factors affecting fruit width in more than two cultivars were BIO7 and July precipitation.

기상요인을 고려한 조경식재 공사기간 설정에 관한 연구 -서울시를 사례로- (A Study on the Estimating Probable Period of the Planting Work in Consideration of Weather Factor -In the Case of Seoul City-)

  • 이상석;최기수
    • 한국조경학회지
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    • 제21권4호
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    • pp.69-82
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    • 1994
  • The purpose of this study is to estimate the probable period of the planting work in consideration of weather factors. The impact degree of weather factors on the control of planting schedule was measured by the possible working days on the basis of weather condition. To establish the weather standard, the researcher analyzed the questionnaires on the manager of planting work and also the meteorological data for 10 years(1983-1992) in Seoul. The results are as follows; $\circled1$ The possible period of the planting work is from March 17 to May 18 Spring and from September 26 to December 15 in Autumn during a year. $\circled2$ The problem working days of the planting work(106-130) days per year) are less than the building construction days(174 days per year), because of handling the living material of plants, specially in summer and winter.

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벼 출수기 강풍이 영화발육과 수량형질에 미치는 영향 (Effects of Strong Wind at Heading Stage on Glume Development and Yield Components of Rice)

  • 최상진
    • 한국작물학회지
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    • 제26권3호
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    • pp.219-225
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    • 1981
  • Strong wind of 6.5m/s from electric fan was applied to rice at heading stage to find out the nature of wind damage to panicle. Damaged panicles caused by typhoon were sampled out of field to measure the yield and milling components. Wind-treated glumes were developed into two forms, fertile and sterile, and each of them showed all degree of glume discoloration. The number of fertile grains were higher than sterile grains in a damaged panicle. Averagesdegree of glume discoloration was higher in not flowered glume than in flowered glume. The more recently flowered glumes resulted the higher degree of discoloration among flowered glume. The percent of sterile grain to total number of grains was the highest at stage of just flowering. The glume discoloration representing wind damage at heading state advanced in degree in ten days after treatment compared to that just after treatment. Grain length and grain width were decreased with the increased degree of glume discoloration, while grain thickness was not changed greatly. Chalkiness was a little higher in damaged grain than in normal grain without definite trends by degree of discoloration. Ripening ratio, 1000 grain weight and yield decreased with increased degree of glume discoloration in damaged panicle by typhoon. Decreasing order in yield was white rice, rough rice and brown rice. Ratio of brown rice to rough rice increased, white rice to brown rice decreased, and milling recovery was not changed greatly with increased degree of 히ume discoloration.

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Statistical Interpretation of Climate Change in Seoul, Korea, over the Last 98 Years

  • Kim, Eun-Shik
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • 제33권1호
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    • pp.37-45
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    • 2010
  • I conducted extensive analyses of daily weather data of precipitation and temperature monitored from the Surface Synoptic Meteorological Station in Seoul from 1 October 1907 to 31 December 2009 to understand how the climate is changing and the ecological implications for Seoul, Korea. Statistical analyses of the data, including the lengths of seasons and growing degree-days (GDD), showed a clear warming trend in the Seoul area over the study period. The mean daily temperature in Seoul increased by $2.40^{\circ}C$ over the period of one hundred years, which was about three times faster than the global trend and it was striking to notice that mean daily temperature in Seoul in recent 30 years was increasing with the rate of $5.50^{\circ}C$ per hundred years, which is an extremely fast rate of increase in temperature. In the last 100 years, an increase in the number of summer days was apparent, coupled with a reduction in the average number of winter days for about 27 to 28 days based on the analysis of mean daily temperature. Although the lengths of spring and autumn have not changed significantly over the century, early initiations of spring and late onsets of autumn were quite apparent. Total annual precipitation significantly increased at the rate of 2.67 mm/year over the last 100 years, a trend not apparent if the analysis is confined to periods of 30 to 40 years. The information has the potential to be used not only for better understanding of ecological processes and hydrology in the area, but also for the sustainable management of ecosystems and environment in the region.