• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2005

This survey was conducted to assess the consumer perceptions of food-related hazard in 500 housewives from all over Korea. The subjects were selected by stratified random sampling method. The survey was performed using structured questionnaire through telephone interview by skilled interviewers. The results showed that 34.6% of the respondents felt secure and were not concerned about food safety, and 65.4% were concerned about food safety. Logistic regression analysis showed that the increasing concern on food brands, food additives (such as food preservatives and artificial color), and imported foodstuffs indicated the current increasing concern on food safety. Other related factors indicating the increasing concern on food safety were education level and care for children's health. The respondents who cared about food safety expressed a high degree of concern on processed foodstuffs such as commercial boxed lunch (93.3%), imported foods (92.7%), fastfoods (89.9%), processed meat products (88.7%), dining out (85.6%), cannery and frozen foods (83.5%), and instant foods (82.0%). The lowest degree of concern was on rice. All the respondents perceived that residues of chemical substances such as pesticides and food additives, and endocrine disrupters were the most potential food risk factors, followed by food-borne pathogens, and GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms). However, these results were not consistent with scientific judgment. Therefore, more education and information were needed for consumers' awareness of facts and myths about food safety. In addition, the results showed that consumers put lower trust in food products information such as food labels, cultivation methods (organic or not), quality labels, and the place of origin. Nevertheless, the respondents expressed their desire to overcome alienation, and recognized the importance of knowing of the origin or the producers of food. They identified that people who need to take extreme precautions on food contamination were the producers, government officials, food companies, consumers, the consumer's association, and marketers, arranged in the order of highest to lowest. They also believed that the production stage of agriculture was the most important step for improving the level of food safety Therefore, the results indicated that there is a need to introduce safety systems in the production of agricultural products, as follows: Good Agricultural Practice (GAP), Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP), and Traceability System (75).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution of microorganisms and the degree of contamination in the air of the dental clinics and to offer basic data as to the contamination of medical equipment and the prevention of the clinics. With this in mind, the researcher gathered air samples from the waiting rooms and medical offices of nine dental clinics in the city of J, South Korea with the use of a method of natural inattention and an air sampler and cultivated the samples on the plain table and drew from it bacteria falling and separated and sorted out the colony with the help of ATB and detected the distribution of the germs. The results are following, The number of bacteria falling in the air of the dental clinics was less than 10(CFU/Plate) with the exception of one dental clinic. This implies that they fit in with standards for hygiene. The number of bacteria falling in the air of the medical offices was less than 10(CFU/Plate) with the exception of one dental clinic. This implies that they fit in with standards for hygiene. The survey on the detection of staph. aureus reveals that all the dental clinics with the exception of B dental clinic proving to be positive had non-pathogenic staphylococci detected. The survey on the detection of pathogenic gram negative bacilli indicates that all the dental clinics but one were none detected. The survey on the distribution of germs shows that germs in 7 out of 9 dental clinics were none detected, and that they in four out of 9 waiting rooms were none detected. All the germs detected in the others were mostly non-pathogenic. The study shows that all the subject dental clinics but one were hygienically controlled and that there was a difference in accordance with cleaning and sterilization. This means that dental clinics should be equipped with systematic programs for cleaning and sterilization designed to prevent infection.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-143
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• 1993

The objective of this study is to understand the status of the water pollution in rural areas and to furnish a basic material for the management of the water pollution in rural areas. For this purpose, the Bokha river basin, Ichon-Gun, Kyungki-Do considering as a typical agricultural area was selected as a representative experimental watershed. The characteristics of water pollution in streams of the Bokha river basin was revealed by investigating and analyzing data collected for the source of pollution, water qualities in reaches of the stream, the degree of contribution to the river contamination by pollution mass produced from each source, and the status of the self-purification at the main stream. The most important source of the water pollution in investigated watershed was livestock, and the next important one were in the order of population, land use, and industry. The water quality of the Bokha river was relatively favorable judging from the BOD and COD concentration, however since the concentration of T-N and T-P showed significantly large values, it was concluded that the river was seriously contaminated by the nutrient material. The main cause of the river contamination was proved due to livestock waste. For the T-N, both land use and livestock were much more contributied to the pollution than any other source, which characterized the typical water pollution of rural areas. Run-off ratios for the Bokha river tributaries to the main stream were changed according to the similar trend to the variation of discharges in the branch streams. For the value of the self-purification constant at the main stream, it showed smaller value in the downstream reach than the middle-stream and upstream reaches, where could possibly have smaller reoxidation action due to slower velocity and deeper water depth.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-53
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• 1997

Geochemical data of soil and water samples were presented in order to assess the environmental impart for drinking water sites. Microscopic observation of rock samples and physical and chemical analysis of soil and water samples were undertaken. The geology of study areas are classified into three groups such as granitic rocks, meta-sedimentary rocks and sedimentary rocks. Enrichment of heavy metals derived from those rocks is not found in this study areas. Soils were analyzed for Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr using AAS extracted by HNO$_3$+HClO$_4$ and 0.1 N HCl. Heavy metal concentrations in soils are within the range of those in uncontaminated soils. In comparison of metal contents extracted by 0.1 N HCl and HNO$_3$+HC1O$_4$, less than 10% of the heavy metals are present in the exchangeable fraction. In particular, an pollution index has been proposed to assess the degree of soil contamination. Pollution index in soils are between 0.03 and 0.47 therefore, soils are not polluted with heavy metals. Deep groundwaters within granitic rocks have been evolved into Na$\^$＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type, whereas other deep groundwaters evolved into Ca$\^$2＋/-HCO$_3$$\^$-/ type. The predominance of Na$\^$＋/ over Ca$\^$2＋/ in deep groundwaters within granitic rocks is a result of dissolution of plagioclase, but for sedimentary and meta-sedimentary rocks, dissolution of calcite is a dominant factor for their hydrogeochemistry. The pH, conductivity and contents of the most dissolved ions in the water increase with depth. Shallow groundwaters, however, are highly susceptible to pollution owing to agricultural activities, considering the fact that high contents of nitrate, chloride and potassium, and high K/Na ratio are observed in some shallow groundwaters. In a thermodynamic approach, most natural water samples are plotted within the stability fields of kaolinite and smectite. Therefore, microcline and other feldspars will alter to form clay minerals, such as kaolinite and smectite. From the modelling for water-rock interactions based on mass balance equation, models accord well with behavior of the ions and results of thermodynamic studies are derived.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1497-1507
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to conduct importance and performance analysis of sanitation management in workers at small and medium foodservice industries using HACCP prerequisites. Questionnaires were distributed to 500 small and medium foodservice industry workers in Seoul Gyeonggi province, and a total of 458 responses were used for analysis. Factors with relatively low comparison degree were as follows. 'Handwashing and clean uniform of employee in the workplace', 'regular checking and managing of trapped vermin and rodents', 'checking stocked raw materials', 'recording and filing the results of improved food safety factors', and 'regular cleaning and sterilizing of monitoring tools' factors must be improved along with their performance levels through sanitation education. According to the IPA results, among the 15 HACCP prerequisite factors with high importance but low performance were '2. Regular checking and managing of trapped vermin and rodents', '4. Handwashing and clean uniform of employee in the workplace', '14. Preventing food cross-contamination'. Furthermore, the small and medium foodservice industry IPA with high importance but low performance were 'Regular checking and managing of trapped vermin and rodents', 'Handwashing and clean uniform of employee in the workplace', and 'Preventing food cross-contamination' for the small foodservice industry, along with 'Vermin and rodents control' and 'Recording and filing the results of improved food safety factors' for the medium foodservice industry. Thus, there is a need for reinforced hygiene education through case studies on actual food service establishments to fulfill sanitation guidelines and set amended guides for much-needed items for small and mid-sized food service.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.339-346
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• 2003

In order to improve some problems such as contamination of undesirable mold, mycotoxin production and excessive drying on the surface of traditional meju, we developed a capsule type-meju(CM) coated with steamed black bean and Aspergillus oryzae - rice koji(0.3％, w/w) mixture to surface of traditional meju and fermented at 25$^{\circ}C$ for 14 days under 80％ relative humidity. Contamination of undesirable mold on the surface of CM was not detected within 2 weeks and some genus Penicillium molds on control meju without koji were found naturally after 12 days of fermentation. The moisture content of meju was showed to be in the range of 34.7 - 29.4％ being 32.7％(w/w) of mean value. Titratable acidities in CMs prepared with black bean(BCM) and soybean(SCM) were much higher than that in control meju, and BCM was similar to SCM. Free sugar content in BCM(123.98 mg％) was 10 times and 2.1 times higher than that in control meju(15.02 mg％) and SCM(59.85 mg％), respectively. Amino type nitrogen content in control meju was 147.00 mg％ and its content in BCM(255.50 mg％) was 1.37 times higher than that in SCM(187.25 mg％). Total organic acid content in BCM(95.98 mg％) and SCM(1l9.98 mg％) were much higher than that in control meju(26.44 mg％), and then lactic and malic acid contents were markedly changed according to capsulation of meju. Lightness value(L) of Hunter color index was much higher in BCM than in SCM. Fatty acid composition of CM was not different as compared to control meju. Total free amino acid content in BCM(1039.70 mg％) was 4.4 times and 2.4 times higher than that in control meju(236.45 mg％) and SCM(556.07 mg％), respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.155-166
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• 1980

Studies have teen undertaken to investigate the degree of microbial contamination in the subsidiary materials which have been known as an important source of microorganisms associated with spoilage of fish sausage and fish paste products. Twenty hinds of food ingredients including starch, spices and condiments, 59 samples in total collected from commercial fish sausage processing plants and supermarket in the period of July to October 1979, were examined for standard plate count, coliform and fecal coliform, mold and yeast, thermoduric microorganisms, aerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic), anaerobic sporeformers (mesophilic and thermophilic) and sulfide spoilage anaerobes. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. Among the food ingredients examined, corn starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger, beef extract and frank marked high bacterial contamination with general and sporeforming microorganisms. And bacterial content of marked samples were generally higher than that of the samples from plants. 2. The high standard plate count caused by high content of these bacteria like thermoduric, mesophilic or thermophilic sporeforming aerobes. 3. Bacterial content of food ingredients such as black pepper and beef extract being used in plants, and black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from the market were exceeded the bacterial standards being enforced in Japan and U. S. A. 4. Average standard plate count was in the range of 10$^4$to 10$^{5}$ /g for black pepper, wheat flour, onion and garlic collected from plants, and 10$^{5}$ to 10$^{7}$ /g for black pepper, hot pepper, onion and garlic from market. No plate count was observed in pepper essence and coloring material. 5. Coliform organism was detected in starch, black pepper, hot pepper, onion, garlic, ginger and gluten that showed high standard plate but no fecal coliform in the samples except black pepper and hot pepper. 6. Average mold and yeast count was 140 to 460/g for corn starch, wheat flour and black pepper from plants, and 10$^3$/g for black pepper and hot pepper from market. No count was observed in the other ingredients. 7. Sulfide spoilage sporeforming anaerobes boiled for 5 min. at 10$0^{\circ}C$ and incubated at 55$^{\circ}C$ was not detected in all the samples examined.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.75-84
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• 1992

The paper manufactories in Sangpyeong Industrial Estates, Chinju, produce more than 80 tons of paper-mill sludge cakes every day, which costs about 840 million won for dump per year. Since the paper-mill sludge is biodegradable, the sludge can he utilized as an organic fertilizer if it is properly decomposed. This may lead to not only dramatic cut of the treatment cost but prevention from secondary environmental contamination due to dump. The primary objective of the study was to explore the quantitative range of major enviromental parameters influencing early composting of paper-mill cakes, naturally pretreated in warn and cold weather. The automatically-controlled reactor was designed, manufactured, and operated for nine days to decompose about 2201 of raw sludge cakes. Four tests(Test 1-Test 4) were implemented for the study of Phase I. Treatments of two levels of initial temperature (40˚C and 28˚C) and two levels of water content + C/N ratio (35% + 40 and 63% + 80) were made to test the significance of their parameters for decomposition of raw sludge cakes pretreated in warm weather. Another four tests (Test 5- Test 8) were implemented for the study of Phase II. Treatments of initial temperature and water content(W/C) + C/N ratio of raw sludge pretreated in cold weather were made to 16˚C and 13% +58 for Test 5, 6˚C and 53% +55 for Test 6, 7˚C and 36% +81 for Test 7, 31˚C and 30% +81 for Test 8. Natural weater condition(pretreatment condition) revealed the importance m composting of the paper-mill sludge cakes. Combination of water content adjustment to about 30% with C/N ratio amendment of about 20 and initial temperature of 30~40˚C was concluded to be the best for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes with aeration rate and pH fixed. Temperature and C/N ratio were adapted as judging variables for composting degree. In addition, tests for microbial activity were performed to validate the experimental results. Since the temperature and C/N ratio did not coincide in some tests as judging variables for the maturity of the composting sludges, taking one of these parameters could mislead the concept of the maturity (composting conceptually new criterion to provide more reliable information for early composting of paper-mill sludge cakes.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.405-418
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• 2003

Measurements of volumetric water content and saturation of porous media are very important factors in understanding the physical characteristics of soil, groundwater recharge by rainfall, pollutant movement, and slope failure. To measure such physical parameters, a permittivity method using electromagnetic wave is applied and use is made of the special permittivity response of understand to water and ethanol. In particular, the estimation is required because permittivity is influenced by the nature of the underground environment. In this study, we carried out experiments on the relative dependency of soil density, temperature and salinity of standard sand and granitic weathered soil using FDR-V system (Frequency domain reflectometry with vector network analyzer) within a frequency range of 1 - 18 GHz. The results of the study showed that the dielectric constants of standard sand and granitic weathered soil increased with increased volumetric water content of soil. However, the dependency of soil density was found to be a little low. Changes of dielectric constant with temperature appeared definitely in the real part of 1 GHz. That is, the dielectric constant of real part at 1 GHz of water and standard sand increased with the rise of temperature. However, ethanol showed decreased tendency. The study also showed that dielectric constant increased with increase in salinity at imaginary part of 1 GHz. It could be concluded from this study FDR-V system can adequately measure the physical properties of soil and the degree of salinity concentration of porous media within 1 GHz frequency range using dielectric constant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-58
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• 2016

March 11, 2011 Fukushima nuclear power plant accident has occurred, the last four years, his is the current state of anxiety remains on the consumer. Therefore, 2015 the current progress continues to have continued research for the purpose of resolving the insecurity of fishery in the country. We measured the radiation of the origin of fishery products, by 2015, research was carried out through a number of references to get additional data or studies that influence this to some degree. Create a consumer and one for the seller for the survey to find out the thoughts of both consumers and sellers on fisheries was to create the statistics by direct survey in 2014 year survey meter using PM1405 equipment dynamics of several species of aquatic origin in accordance with the (Taiwan, China, Russia), mackerel, pomfret, hairtail, saury, shrimp, squid measurements of radiation were investigated. The measurement in 2014 was $0.043{\sim}0.073{\mu}Sv/h$. The seller influenced the survey (90%) on fishery products sales, consumer safety, without this fishery (90%), radioactive contamination very high (28%) and the polarization was not as nearly 72%. The study of the stability of the radiation determined by the radiation levels of the aquatic marine products in a comparison the radiation levels result was determined in ICRP below the standard value (1 mSv/y).