• Title/Summary/Keyword: degree distribution

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Environments and distribution of Benthic Animals on the Mangyung-Dongjin Tidal Flat, West Coast of Korea (서해 만경.동진 조간대의 환경과 저서동물 분포)

  • 안순모;고철환
    • 한국해양학회지
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.78-90
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    • 1992
  • The present study is aimed to investigate the relationship between the distribution of benthic macro fauna and environments in the Mangyung-dongjin tidal flat developed on the west coast of central korea. Samples were taken from 69 sites established on 8 transect lines running perpendicular to the coast. The 69 sites located in the range of -250 to 230 cm height from the mean sea level were categorized into 4 levels of exposure duration. The mean grain sizes of the surface sediments varied from 1.5 to $7.9{\varphi}$. Silty sands and sands were dominant sediment facies on the tidal flat. A total of 64 species of invertebrates was collected and the mean density was $1,335{\;}indiv{\cdot}\textrm{m}^2$. The dominant species was Laternula cf. limicola of Bivalvia (71% of total counts), followed by Umbonium thomasi of Gastropoda (22%), and Lingula anatina of Brachiopoda (2.6%). These 3 species comprised 95.5% of total individual number. The distribution of benthic animals was closely related with the duration of tidal exposure. Perinereis association was the characteristic for the most exposed area, and followed by Macrophthalmus and Bullacta-Mactra-Umbonium association along the degree of exposure duration.

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Radiologic Equipment and Technicians according to the Distribution of the Population (인구 분포에 따른 방사선 장비 및 종사자에 관한 고찰)

  • Yoon, Chul-Ho;Choi, Jun-Gu
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.57-65
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    • 2009
  • Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to provide basic data in order to systemize the management of demand and supply of radiologic technicians, to pursue a fair regional distribution of educational institutions, and furthermore to keep reasonable medical treatment and fee. This research was carried out through the investigation of radiologic equipments and technicians according to the distribution of the population. Materials and Methods: We compared and analyzed the correlation between regional population, the number of clinics and hospitals, the number of medical imaging devices, and the number of radiologists and radiologic technicians in 5 cities without "Gu" administrative units in 2008. Results: 27,317 radiologic technicians have been produced since the administration of the national qualifying exam for radiologic technicians. About 18,000 radiologic technicians are currently working. There are 39 colleges or universities with Departments of Radiology and the admission quota is 2,120 students excluding one college. The ratio of radiologic equipments to radiologic technicians is 2.6 to 1. Conclusion: There is a dilemma in which some radiologic technicians fail to find appropriate jobs while some clinics or hospitals are in need of radiologic technicians. This dilemma is due to unreasonable regional discrepancies in pay system and welfare situation, and excessive profit-oriented recruiting system of clinics and hospitals. The increase of students of Radiologic Departments and approval of additional departments will end up with producing superfluous high academic degree holders, which is on the contrary to the government policy to produce more job opportunities. So the policy of increasing Radiologic Departments should be reconsidered.

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Korean Customer Attitudes Towards SNS Shopping

  • Cho, Young-Sang;Heo, Jeong-Yoon;Youn, Myoung-Kil
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.10 no.8
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    • pp.7-14
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    • 2012
  • As a new format of retailing, social shopping on SNS has rapidly grown in recent. Although there is much literature associated with customer behaviours in the academic world, little attention has been paid to identifying the shopping patterns of SNS shoppers. This paper will, thus, identify how perceived value has an impact on the buying intention of SNS shoppers, after illustrating what kind of factor influences the formation process of perceived value in the Korean marketplace. Given that SNS shoppers are for the most part 20s as well as 30s, the authors handed out questionnaires to them. Furthermore, based on literature review results, the conceptualised research model was developed. Despite lack of literature, the authors developed five constructs like price reduction, quantity- and time-limited message, product ranges, information-sharing, and required number of shoppers. The researchers made a considerable effort to identify the relationship between research concepts and each variable, based on a few research analysis methods such as frequency analysis, the Varimax rotation technique used orthogonal rotation, Cronbach's Alpha, PCA (Principle Component Analysis), and the like. Amongst the 5 variables used to measure the degree of influences on the perceived value as a social shopping characteristic, it has been evident that price cut, required minimum shoppers, product variety, and information-sharing have a positive impact on the perceived value formation processes of SNS customers. Also, this research implies that SNS retailers can differentiate themselves from other retailers by differently using the above factors. From a practitioner's point of view, these factors should be strategically used to increase the social shopping opportunities of SNS users. It is, furthermore, evident that the perceived value formed by the above 4 factors have played an important role in the buying decision process of SNS customers. In a sense, whether customers are aware of higher price cut rates, information-sharing, required minimum shoppers, and product variety has a positive impact on making buying decisions. From a retailer's point of view, online shopping mall operators are able to use blog as well as twitter to improve the buying intention as a marketing tool of social network, because the business activities provided by social shopping retailers, like the rapid, accurate responses to customer requirements, the provision of a variety of information, and the communications between customers are closely related to buying intentions. There are a few research limitations to conduct this empirical research. It was not easy to review prior papers, due to its lack. In spite of the increasing number of SNS shoppers in Korea, little research attention has been paid to this kind of research topic by academicians, because buying products or services through SNS is in its infancy. With regard to research populations, it would be difficult to generalise the research findings in Korea, owing to unbalanced respondent distribution. Considering the above research limitations as well as the growth of social shopping, many authors should pay considerable attention to SNS-related issues in the future, and develop the more sophisticated criteria to measure the characteristics of SNS shoppers.

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Comparative Study between MRI and pain, duration, physical examination in 20 patients with knee joint pain (20례 슬통환자의 통증, 이환기간, 물리적 검사법과 MRI소견과의 비교 고찰)

  • Yang, Myung-bok;Jang, Byung-sun;Lee, Dae-yong;Lee, Seung-hoon;Hwang, Byung-chun;Park, Jung-un;Guk, Ui-suk;Lee, Geon-mok
    • Journal of Acupuncture Research
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    • v.19 no.6
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    • pp.221-233
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    • 2002
  • Background and Purpose : MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) has become one of the most sensitive diagnostic tool no evaluate problems of the knee, because it enables us to identify not only osseous tissue but also soft tissues including muscle, fascia, tendon, ligament, meniscus and fat around the knee joint. Objective : To compare between MRI reading and pain, duration, physical examination in patients with pain of knee joint. Methods : 20 patients with pain of knee joint included in this study. This study researched pain-degree, duration, physical examination with pain of knee joint. Using MRI(Horizon Lx 1.0T-GE), we obtained the results. Results : 1. In the distribution of sex; Female rate was 80.0% and male rate was 20.0%. In the distribution of age, above sixty group was the largest group by each 55.0%. 2. In the distribution of MRI reading; 'Meniscus horm tear' was 70.0%, 'Osteoarthritis' was 55.5%, 'ACL partial tear' was 15.0%, 'Bone bruise at tibia, femur' was 15.0%. 3. Correlation between duration of pain and MRI reading showed that acute and subacute stage related various MRI reading, that chronic stage related 'Osteoarthritis' and 'Meniscus horn tear' by each 69.2%, 92.3%. 4. Correlation between pain and MRI reading showed that severe pain(GVI) related 'ACL partial tear, PCL partial tear' by each 100%, that mild pain(GII) related 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear' by each 70.0%, 80.0%. 5. Correlation between physical examination and MRI reading showed that Drawer test related ACL partial tear by each 60.0%, that McMurray test related 'Meniscus horn tear' by each 75.0%. 6. Correlation between effect of treatment and MRI reading showed that 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear' related good effect, that ACL partial tear related poor effect. Conclusions : These results suggest that acute and sever pain relate 'ACL partial tear, PCL partial tear', that chronic and mild pain related 'Osteoarthritis, Meniscus horn tear'. So it is responsibility to use MRI as a sensitive diagnostic tool in the knee problems.

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A Study on the Distribution Characteristics of the Small Village Wetlands in Mountainous Rural Area - Case on Geumsan-gun, Chungnam - (산지 읍면지역 소규모 마을습지 분포 특성 연구 - 충남 금산군을 사례로 -)

  • Park, Mi-Ok;Seo, Joo-Young;Yang, Seung-Bin;Koo, Bon-Hak
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.47 no.6
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    • pp.37-44
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    • 2019
  • This study was conducted to identify the distribution characteristics of small village wetlands in Geumsan County, an inland mountain zone, and comparing with Seocheon County, a coastal plain area with different ecological environment characteristics. Using Arc-GIS (v10.1) the village wetland code was extracted to derive the possible location of the village wetland, and the final distribution of the village was obtained by performing indoor judging work based on satellite images, aerial photographs, topographical maps, Korea Land Information System (KLIS), land use level, land cover degree (division), and land use status by local surveying and indoor analyzing. Although Geumsan County (576.66km2) is more than 60% larger than Seocheon County (358.04km2), 607 villages in Geumsan County and 570 villages in Seocheon County are capable of making similar levels of 106.5% of wetlands, but only a fraction of those in Seocheon County were found to be 67.6%. The density of the village wetlands was much lower than that of Seocheon County, a coastal plain area, because there were many mountainous areas in Geumsan County, and most of the wetlands temporarily created for water supply were removed during the analysis phase of the Jeongsa Image, so the actual wetlands of the village were judged to be only two-thirds different from those of Seocheon County.

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS ON MAXILLARY MOLAR IMPLANT UNDER DIFFERENT C/R RATIO (상악 구치부 임플랜트 보철수복시 치관/치근비에 따른 응력 분포에 대한 유한 요소 분석)

  • Kim, Jin-Ho;Kim, Hyung-Seob;Choi, Dae-Gyun;Kwon, Kung-Rock
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.44 no.5
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    • pp.561-573
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    • 2006
  • Statement of the problem: In cases of low bone level in maxilla followed by extraction due to severe periodontitis or enlarged maxillary sinus, crown-root ratio of implant prosthesis will increase. The prognosis of these cases is not good as expected. Purpose : The purpose is to compare stress distribution due to crown-root ratio and effect of splinting between two implants in maxillary molar area under different loads Material and methods: Using ITI($4.1{\times}10$ mm) implant. two finite element models were made(model S: two parallel implants, model A: one of two is 20 degree inclined). Each model was designed in different crown-root ratio(0.7:1, 1:1, 1.25:1) and set cement type gold crown to make it splinted or non-splinted clinical situations. After that, 300 N force was loaded to each model in four ways.(load 1 : middle of occlusal table, load 2 : middle of buccal cusp, load 3 : middle of lingual cusp, load 4 : horizontal load to middle of buccal cusp), and stress distribution was analyzed. Results: On all occasions, stress was concentrated on neck of implant near cortical bone. In the case of inclined implant, stress was increased compared with parallel implants. Under load 1, 2, 3, stress was not increased even when crown-root ratio increases, but under load 4, when crown-root ratio increases, stress also increased. And more stress was concentrated under load 1 than load 2, 3. When crown-root ratio was same, stress under load 1, 2, 3 decreased when splinting, but under load 4, stress did not really decrease. Conclusion: Under vertical load, stress distribution related to crown-root ratio did not change. But under horizontal load, stress increased as crown-root ratio increases. Under vertical load, splinting decreased stress but under horizontal load, effect of splinting was decreased as condition of implant changes for the worse such as increase of crown-root ratio, inclined implant.

Comparison of Cardinal Temperatures of Lettuce Using Bilinear, Parabolic, and Beta Distribution Functions (선형, 쌍곡선과 Beta 함수를 이용한 상추의 주요 온도 비교)

  • Cha, Mi-Kyung;Kim, Chun-Sik;Austin, Jirapa;Cho, Young-Yeol
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.39-42
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    • 2014
  • The objective of this study was to estimate cardinal temperatures for germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativar L.) using bilinear, parabolic, and beta distribution functions. Seeds of lettuce were germinated in a growth chamber at 7 constant temperatures: 10, 14, 16, 20, 24, 28, and $32^{\circ}C$. Four replicates of 100 seeds were placed on two layers of filter paper in a 9 cm petri-dish. Radicle emergence of 1 mm was scored as germination. The time course of germination was modeled using a logistic function. These minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were estimated by regression of the inverse of time to 50% germination rate against the temperature gradient. In bilinear function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $7.9^{\circ}C$, $23.3^{\circ}C$, and $28.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. In parabolic function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $9.7^{\circ}C$, $19.5^{\circ}C$, and $29.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. In beta distribution function, minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures were $3.7^{\circ}C$, $20.7^{\circ}C$ and $32.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Minimum, optimum, and maximum ranges of temperatures were $3.7{\sim}9.7^{\circ}C$, $19.5{\sim}23.3^{\circ}C$, and $28.0{\sim}32.0^{\circ}C$, respectively.

Architectural characteristics of Nakseonjae through Comparisons with Hanyang's Upper-Class Houses in Late Joseon Dynasty (조선후기 한양의 상류주택과 비교를 통한 낙선재의 건축특성 연구)

  • Cho, Kyu-Hyung
    • Journal of architectural history
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.7-26
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    • 2012
  • Nakseonjae in Changdeokgung Palace was established at The King Hunjong's 13rd year (1847), the mid-19th century. It was constructed for own rests of King Hunjong and the residence of Kyungbin (king's concubines), and is showing features of upper-class houses from several points such as rustic architectural types by getting out of authoritative aspects as king's shelter space within the palace, block and floor distribution that separated spaces for men and women, simplicity in structures and styles, and non-colorful painting etc. This study aims at tracing on which architectural types did the upper-class houses within Hanyang (modern Seoul) at late Joseon Dynasty have and what was characteristics of Nakseonjae. The resemblance between Nakseonjae and the upper-class houses was very little differences from scale aspects, and floor plan shapes of Anchae (women's quarters) and Sarangchae (men's quarters) were followed basic common styles. Also, resemblance could be confirmed in the structural styles too. Characteristics of Nakseonjae are showing apparent differences from clearance compositions such as hall configuration etc. Nakseonjae was king's dwelling place, and spaces for house's collateral functions such as kitchen, stable, and warehouse etc together with shrine were unnecessary, and such places were substituted into servants' quarters for assisting the Royal family. In detailed structural styles, column's size was larger 3cm or more than the upper-class houses, and its height was higher to the degree of 30~60cm. Besides, formality as king's shelter space was raised more in decorating aspects, and Nakseonjae was implemented by getting architectural influences from Qing Dynasty of China. This study induced features of Hanyang's upper-class houses at the 19th century by supplementing distribution and space configurations at existing cases of Seoul and Gyeonggi area together with house diagrams having been collected by Gaokdohyung (site and floor plan) of Jangseogak Library, and confirmed resemblances and differences with Nakseonjae, that is, features of Nakseonjae. Through the result, this study judges a fact that architecture of Nakseonjae seemed to be affected from conveniences of upper-class houses within Hanseong, and also architectural styles and distribution types of Nakseonje would give influences to the upper-class houses.

Korean consumers' attitudes towards organic labels and country-of-origin of organic foods

  • Lee, Hye-Kyoung;Cho, Young-Sang
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.9 no.1
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    • pp.49-59
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    • 2011
  • Although the South Korean organic food market is in the infancy compared to other industrialized countries, Korean consumers'interest in organic food and retail stores devoting space to organic products have been rapidly increasing. Despite the fact of organic food popularity, the term "organic" is interpreted differently by individuals. As opposed to the US, Japan and the EU where have operated an integrated organic food labelling system, Korea has adopted complex organic labelling systems regulated by several different government bodies. As a result, complicated food labelling standards make consumers confused when purchasing organic foods. Furthermore, in terms of country of origin (COO), it is argued by a lot of researchers that COO effects vary from product to product and from country to country; moreover, other informational cues such as brand and price can influence COO effects. In modern society, COO labelling has been complicated, due to the sourcing, manufacturing and market locations of merchandise spread over the world. Accordingly, the evaluation of COO effects has become complex. In order to examine these issues, a quantitative research was selected to classify the commonfeatures of organic food consumers and construct statistics such as the extent to which people are aware of organic food and COO labellingvia a questionnaire which took place in two cities in Korea with a cluster sample of 161 organic food purchasers. As for the data analysis, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), T-tests, bivariate crosstatulations with Cramer's V were conducted,depending on the characteristics of variables and the assumptions the research data need to fit. It has been concluded that in general, Korean organic consumers comprehend the term "organic"in a closer way to the general concept rather than technical term, thus people do not appreciate environmentally labels which include organic food labels, although marital status influence the degree of label awareness, regardless of gender, age, education level and so on. Regarding COO effects on organic food, home organic products were Korean consumers'first choice over those from industrialized countries and developing nations. Specifically, in processed organic product category, domestically cultivated and processed organic products were absolutely preferred to leading national brands produced with imported ingredients and international brands. However, due to a lack of checks of ingredients' COO, consumers tend to purchase a leading national organic food brand, believing that it is a pure organic food sourced domestically. As a consequence, this research has suggested some important managerial implications and future research directions. In order to prevent consumer confusion when buying organic foods, it should be noted that consumers do not comprehend the organic food certifications, due to complicated labelling systems for organic produce and processed organic foods. Therefore, government bodies related to organic food distribution have to know consumers' perception of organic food labels and the significance of customer-oriented labels and reestablish labelling standards. Similarly, public advertising should be followed to raise public awareness of the labelling to enable customers to have the correct information. In addition, not only international marketers but also domestic marketers need to understand COO images and also the influence COO of ingredients has on the image of an organic product.

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The Impact of Service Quality on Service Satisfaction and Store Loyalty: Service Value as a Moderator (편의점의 서비스품질 요인이 서비스 만족 그리고 점포충성도에 미치는 영향: 서비스가치 조절효과를 중심으로)

  • Han, Sang-Ho;Yang, Heo-Chang;Kim, Jong-Lak
    • Journal of Distribution Science
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    • v.13 no.10
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    • pp.101-108
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    • 2015
  • Purpose - The convenience store business sector in South Korea has contributed to economic growth and job creation, and the growth potential of this market segment remains very high. In addition, service value is a more important factor than price in determining purchase intention. Research in the convenience store market is relatively very low compared to other retail sectors. In particular, research on service quality for the convenience of retailers who examine and analyze customer behavior and service quality factors used in the convenience store side of the situation is very inadequate. We have investigated the relationship of store service quality, service satisfaction, and store loyalty. In addition, we have examined the way service value moderates the relationship among these variables. Research design, data, and methodology - The questionnaire was developed using modified and supplementary questions based on the KD-SQS and RSQS models. The study suggested a theoretical model composed of 15 hypotheses on the relations between theoretic variables, and surveys conducted with consumers in discount stores in the Seoul and Gyunggi Metropolitan area in order to verify the hypotheses. We used the SPSS/PC statistical packages to analyze the results. The number of surveys used was 227. Moreover, a structural equating model was also used to analyze the reliability and validity of the composing elements and to verify the suggested hypotheses. Results - The overall results of this study are as follows. First, all service quality elements have a significant effect on service satisfaction. Second, all service quality elements have a significant effect on store loyalty. Third, service satisfaction has a significant effect on store loyalty. Finally, when the participants were divided into high and low service value the results of the multiple regression analyses showed that only the relationship between policy of service quality and satisfaction, and human interaction and policy of service quality and loyalty were significant. The implications are discussed based on the findings of the study. Conclusions - First, through direct hypotheses testing, we confirmed that the convenience service quality positively impacts the service satisfaction and loyalty of buyers. In particular, the reliability, origin benefit, and promotion were found to have more influence on satisfaction and loyalty of consumers of a convenience store. Further, for the service quality of the convenience for the consumer loyalty, greater human interaction was a high-value and statistically significantly higher than the degree of improvement in consumer loyalty. This underscores the importance of education and human services management of employees working in a convenience store. In particular, frequent changes in personnel generate results that negatively impact loyalty with customers. These results may lead to a serious problem in the economics of the store. Therefore, it should enhance the value of services through the establishment of training and compensation for employees. In addition, a certain educational level is required as well as a basis for compensation and retention.