• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.475-484
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• 2008

The current study was undertaken to determine the effect of retinoic acid(RA) on differentiation and gene expression of pig preadipocytes. The preadipocytes were isolated from the backfat of the new-born pigs. RA was treated to the cultured cells for 4 days and RNA was extracted from the cells. Isolated RNA went through in situ hybridization using the 14,688-gene cDNA microarray chip. Degree of cell differentiation was determined by measuring glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. RA decreased differentiation of pig preadipocytes by 78%. Fourteen genes were significantly up-regulated by RA, including genes known to be involved in lipid metabolism, particulary sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase, apolipoprotein R precursor, growth factor receptor-bound protein 14, retinoic acid receptor RXR gamma. However, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor D precursor and growth hormone receptor precursor genes playing a central role in cell growth, was greatly decreased. These results suggest that RA inhibits differentiation of pig preadiocytes by regulation of gene expression of the growth factor or growth hormone receptor.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2004

The study was conducted to investigate the tissue and chemical characteristics of rusty root epidermal cells. In histological study, the rusty symptoms were frequently observed in the epidermis of ginseng root and to be yellow under microscopic observation. Disks of the epidermal cell tissue of the rusty root were usually 2 and 3 times greater in the number of cell layer and thickness of cell wall than the healthy root, respectively. The color degree of methanol extracts from the rusty root epidermis was 5.5 times higher than that of the healthy root. And the extracts of rust matter in the root epidermis were easily dissolved in polar solvents compared to nonpolar solvents. UV-absorption spectra of methanol extracts in various fractions of phenolics showed a maximum peak between 275∼280 nm. The crude lipids and phenolic compounds such as acid insoluble bound phenolics, acid insoluble esterified phenolics, acid insoluble condensed phenolics, insoluble bound phenolics and free phenolics were also more in the rusty root epidermis than in the healthy one. Fe content in the rusty root epidermis was 2.7 times higher than that of healthy one. It was presumed that the phenolic compounds(precursor of the rusty) in association with lipid and iron in the root epidermis might defence the root when ginseng root was depressed by the unfavorable conditions in soil and/or portions of a root system were subjected to anoxic conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.41-46
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• 2021

In order to investigate the degree of sewage sludge solubilizaion using ultrasonic(US) combined with calcium peroxide(CaO₂), VSS reduction rate, solubilization rate, SCOD/VSS ratio, SCOD increasing rate, LB-EPS(Loosely-Bound EPS) and TB-EPS(Tightly-bound EPS) were measured. US was compared as a control. Solubilization rate increased by 23.4% under US and increased by 50.7% under US/CaO₂(0.05 g CaO₂/g VSS). and also, at the same conditions, VSS reduction rate increased by 7.1% and 17.7%, respectively. SCOD increasing rate from 10 to 90 minutes was 0.0151 min^-1 under US/CaO₂(0.02 g CaO₂/g VSS). TB-EPS decreased by 36.4% under US and decreased by 59.0% under US/CaO₂(0.05 g CaO₂/g VSS). TB-EPS decreased during first 10 minutes and then decreased slowly until 90 minutes. There was no significant difference in TB-EPS decrease according to the dosage of calcium peroxide.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.250-254
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• 1996

MR-387A [(2S, 3R)-2-hydroxy-3-amino-4-phenylbutanoyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-(2, 4-trans)- L-4-hydroxy-proline] reversibly inhibits aminopeptidase N (BC 3.4.11.2) in a process that is remarkable for its unusual degree of time dependence. The time required to inactivate the enzyme by 50$%$ ($t_{1/2}$) for establishing steady-state levels of $EI^*$complex was approximately 5 minutes. This indicates that the inhibition is a slow-binding process. In dissociation experiments of $EI^*$ complex, enzymic activity was regained slowly in a quadratic equation, indicating that the inhibition of aminopeptidase N by MR-387A is tight-binding and reversible. Thus, the binding of MR-387A by aminopeptidase N is slow and tight, with $K_{i}$ (for initial collision complex, EI) and $K_i{^*}$ (for final tightened complex, $EI^*$) of $2.2\times10^{-8}$ M (from Lineweaver-Burk plot) and $4.4\times10^{-10}$ M (from rate constants), respectively. These data indicate that MR-387A and aminopeptidase N are bound approximately 200-fold more tightly in the final $EI^*$complex than in the initial collision EI complex.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.123-137
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• 1986

The present study was designed to answer the following questions : The first overall question had to do with the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem-more specifically, is androgyny or masculinity more importamt in explaining the variation in self-esteem? The second overall question had to do with the degree to which the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem is a universal or a culturally specific phenomeon-more specifically, is the relationship between sex-role identity and self-esteem the same in Korean and American cultures? The Bem Sex Role Inventory and the Coopersmith Self Esteem Inventory were administered to 208 American college students and 207 Korean college students, respectively, in introductory sociology classes. The BSRI and SEI are standardized for American subjects and written in English. Prior to administering these instruments to Korean subjects, they were translated ito the Korean Language. In order to fully explore the data, qualitative as well as quantitative measurement of the BSRI were used, and both factorial and regression analyses were performed in this study. The most important cross-cultural differences found in the present study are directly related to the two research questions. In the U.S. sample, masculine attributes were found to be more important in explaining self-esteem. On the other hand, androgynous attributes were positively related to self-esteem in the Korean sample. These findings also provide the answer to the second question. That is, different cross-cultural patterns of relationship were found between sexrole identity and self-esteem, providing some support for a culture-bound relationship. These cross-cultural differences were discussed in terms of both confucian values held by Koreans and Bakan's suggestion of a positive relationship between agentic characteristics and modernization.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.408-414
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• 2017

This paper aims to investigate the value and resilience of Nogeoldae which was written at the end of Koryo dynasty and has been used as the most important foreign language education materials throughout the 500 years of Chosun dynasty. To this end, 106 volumes of dialogues, 12 of meeting, 17 of lodging, 21 of Daedo bound, 34 of Daedo lives and 11 of return in Nogeoldae are analyzed by an average length of the sentences, an average length of words, type-token ratio, number of words before main verbs and number of words before nouns to identify the progressive degree of the complexity. The result of the analysis shows that Nogeoldae presents a desired progressive complexity found in modern foreign language textbooks.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.6-11
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• 2003

Various forms of dialytic techniques are available for detoxification. Hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration (hemodialfiltration) are the main treatment modalities. Because these modalities are rather invasive and expensive, it must be decided in balance of the risk and benefit to the patient. The prime consideration in the decision is based on the clinical features of poisoning; hemodialysis or hemoperfusion should be considered in general if the patient's condition progressively deteriorates despite intensive supportive therapy. The hemodialysis technique relies on passage of the toxic agent through a semipermeable membrane so that it can equilibrate with the dialysate and subsequently removed. It needs a blood pump to pass blood next to a dialysis membrane, which allows agents permeable to the membrane to pass through and reach equilibrium. Solute (or drug) removal by dialysis has numerous determinants such as solute size, its lipid solubility, the degree to which it is protein bound, its volume of distribution etc. The technique of hemoperfusion is similar to hemodialysis except there is no dialysis membrane or dialysate involved in the procedure. The patient's blood is pumped through a perfusion cartridge, where it is in direct contact with adsorptive material (usually activated charcoal) that has a coating material such as cellulose. This method can be used successfully with lipid-soluble compounds and with higher-molecular-weight compounds than for hemodialysis. Protein binding does not significantly interfere with removal by hemoperfusion. In conclusion, hemodialysis, hemoperfusion and hemofiltration can be used effectively as adjuncts to the management of severely intoxicated patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1158-1158
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• 2001

Fast and dynamic biochemical, enzymatic and morphological changes occur during the so-called generative development and during the vegetative processes in seeds. The most characteristic biochemical and compositional changes of this period are the formation and decline of storage components or their precursors, the change of their degree in polymerization and an extensive change in water content. The aim of the present study was to detect the maturation processes in seed nondestructively and to verify the applicability of near infrared spectroscopic methods in the measurement of physiological, chemical and biochemical changes in wheat seed. The amount and variation of different water “species” has been changed intensively during maturation. Characteristic changes of three water absorption bands (1920, 1420 and 1150 nm) during maturation were analysed. It was concluded that the free/bound transition of water molecules could be followed sensitively in different region of NIR spectra. Kinetic changes of carbohydrate reserves were characteristic during maturation. An intensive formation and decline of carbohydrate reserves were observed during early stage of maturation (0 -13 days, high energy demand). An accelerated formation of storage carbohydrates (starch) was detected in the second phase of maturation. Five characteristic absorption bands were analysed which were sensitive indicators the changes of carbohydrates occurred during maturation. Precursors of protein synthesis and the synthesis of reserve proteins and their kinetic changes during maturation were followed from NIR spectra qualitative and qualitatively. Dynamic formation of amino acids and the changes of N forms were detected by spectroscopic, chromatographic and by capillary electrophoresis methods. Calibration equations were developed and validated in order to measure the optimal maturation time protein and moisture content of developing wheat seeds. The spectroscopic methods are offering chance and measurement potential in order to detect fine details of physiological processes. The spectra have many hidden details, which can help to understand the biochemical background of processes.

• BMB Reports
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1997

The ability of Hep-G2 cells to process $[^{125}I]LDL$ under basal conditions was investigated. The receptor-binding and internalization of $[^{125}I]LDL$ increased with the time of incubation in a saturable manner. After 4 h of incubation, 31.4 ng of $[^{125}I]LDL$ was cell bound. The cells rapidly internalized $[^{125}I]LDL$ via specific, receptor-mediated endocytosis. The amount of internalized $[^{125}I]LDL$ reached a maximun of 96.7 ng at 2 h of incubation and remained constant for the next 2 h. The rate of degradation of internalized $[^{125}I]LDL$ proceeded in a linear manner over the entire 4 h of incubation after an initial lag period. The effects of individial fatty acids (C18:0. C18:1, C18:2. and C18:3), differing in their degree of unsaturation. on the receptor-binding, internalization and degradation of $[^{125}I]LDL$ were also investigated. Inclusion of 1.0 mM of each fatty acid into the culture medium significantly increased $[^{125}I]LDL$ metabolism in Hep-G2 cells. Among the fatty acids tested, stearic acid had the least effect on the receptor-binding activity. There were no significant differences among the unsaturated fatty acids in LDL-receptor binding. The effect of individual fatty acids on the $[^{125}I]LDL$ uptake was similar to that of the receptor-binding. showing a significantly lower effect with stearic acid. The amount of degraded material of internalized $[^{125}I]LDL$ was the lowest with stearic acid when it was compared with unsaturated fatty acids.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1782-1788
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• 2007

Cellulosomes in Clostridium cellulovorans are assembled by the interaction between the repeated cohesin domains of a scaffolding protein (CbpA) and the dockerin domain of enzyme components. In this study, we determined the synergistic effects on cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates by three different recombinant mini-cellulosomes containing either endoglucanase EngB or endoxylanase XynA bound to mini-CbpA with one cohesin domain (mini-CbpAl), two cohesins (mini-CbpA12), or four cohesins (mini-CbpAl234). The assembly of EngB or XynA with mini-CbpA increased the activity against carboxymethyl cellulose, acid-swollen cellulose, Avicel, xylan, and com fiber 1.1-1.8-fold compared with that for the corresponding enzyme alone. A most distinct improvement was shown with com fiber, a natural substrate containing xylan, arabinan, and cellulose. However, there was little difference in activity between the three different mini-cellulosomes when the cellulosomal enzyme concentration was held constant regardless of the copy number of cohesins in the cellulosome. A synergistic effect was observed when the enzyme concentration was increased to be proportional to the number of cohesins in the mini-cellulosome. The highest degree of synergy was observed with mini-CbpAl234 (1.8-fold) and then mini-CbpAl2 (1.3-fold), and the lowest synergy was observed with mini-CbpAl (1.2-fold) when Avicel was used as the substrate. As the copy number of cohesin was increased, there was more synergy. These results indicate that the clustering effect (physical enzyme proximity) of the enzyme within the mini-cellulosome is one of the important factors for efficient degradation of plant cell walls.