• Journal of Institute of Convergence Technology
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.43-48
• /
• 2015

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are now broadly understood as a new kind of ionic liquid (IL) because they exhibit many characteristics and properties similar with ILs. The DESs made of quaternary ammonium salt blended with one of hydrogen bonding donor (HBD) compounds behave as ILs even at very low temperature. In this study, properties such as density, viscosity, surface tension, conductivity, and electrochemical behavior of DESs were reported and their applications were reviewed. Study on DESs has been drawn attention on application in metal finishing, but these solvents can be used in a variety of synthesis, and their potentials have been demonstrated in various areas. DESs are expected to offer applicability by extending the types of salts and hydrogen bond donor mixtures.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.291-309
• /
• 2020

Chromium was electrodeposited from deep eutectic solvents-based Cr³⁺ electrolytes on HB-pencil graphite electrode. Factors influencing the electrochemical behavior and the processes of Cr nucleation and growth were explored using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques, respectively. Cr³⁺ reduction was found to occur through an irreversible diffusion-controlled step followed by another irreversible one of impure diffusional behaviour. The reduction behavior was found to be greatly affected by Cr³⁺ concentration, temperature, and type of hydrogen bond donor used in deep eutectic solvents (DESs) preparation. A more comprehensive model was suggested and successfully applied to extract a consistent data relevant to Cr nucleation kinetics from the experimental current density transients. The potential, the temperature, and the hydrogen bond donor type were estimated to be critical factors controlling Cr nucleation. The nucleation and growth processes of Cr from either choline chloride/ethylene glycol (EG-DES) or choline chloride/urea (U-DES) deep eutectic solvents were evaluated at 70℃ to be three-dimensional (3D) instantaneous and diffusion-controlled, respectively. However, the kinetics of Cr nucleation from EG-DES was found to be faster than that from U-DES. Cr nucleation was tending to be instantaneous at higher temperature, potential, and Cr³⁺ concentration. Cr nuclei electrodeposited from EG-DES were characterized at different conditions using scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM images show that high number density of fine spherical nuclei of almost same sizes was nearly obtained at higher temperature and more negative potential. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis confirms that Cr deposits were obtained.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.3
• /
• pp.128-134
• /
• 2023

Centella asiatica (C. asiatica) extracts, including asiaticoside and madecassoside, are used in ointments to treat the wound and atopic dermatitis due to their antibacterial and skin-regenerating effects in Asia. Therefore, research on the cultivation and extraction efficiency of C. asiatica is being actively conducted to increase commercialization efficiency. In this study, various deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were prepared and used as the extraction solvents according to the mole ratio between the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and hydrogen bond donor (HBD). And then, the extraction yields in distilled water (DW) and methanol (MeOH), commonly used extraction solvents for C. asiatica, were compared and analyzed by HPLC in the optimized operating condition. As a result, a mixture of DW and DES at a ratio of 3:7 showed about 1.4 times higher extraction efficiency than MeOH only. Conversely, the extraction efficiency in a mixture of MeOH and DES at a ratio of 3:7 was about 6 % lower than that in MeOH only.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.80-88
• /
• 2016

The enzyme-catalyzed Henry reaction was realized using deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a reaction medium. The lipase from Aspergillus niger (lipase AS) showed excellent catalytic activity toward the substrates aromatic aldehydes and nitromethane in choline chloride:glycerol at a molar ratio of 1:2. Addition of 30 vol% water to DES further improved the lipase activity and inhibited DES-catalyzed transformation. A final yield of 92.2% for the lipase AS-catalyzed Henry reaction was achieved under optimized reaction conditions in only 4 h. In addition, the lipase AS activity was improved by approximately 3-fold in a DES-water mixture compared with that in pure water, which produced a final yield of only 33.4%. Structural studies with fluorescence spectroscopy showed that the established strong hydrogen bonds between DES and water may be the main driving force that affects the spatial conformation of the enzyme, leading to a change in lipase activity. The methodology was also extended to the aza-Henry reaction, which easily occurred in contrast to that in pure water. The enantioselectivity of both Henry and aza-Henry reactions was not found. However, the results are still remarkable, as we report the first use of DES as a reaction medium in a lipase-catalyzed Henry reaction.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.387-397
• /
• 2021

Deep eutectic solvents have been established as feasible metal electroplating solvent alternatives over traditional toxic aqueous plating baths. However, water, either added intentionally or unintentionally, can significantly influence the solvent's physical properties and performance, thereby hindering its industry application. In this study, the hygroscopicity, or the ability to absorb moisture from the environment, of synthesized ethaline (1:2 choline chloride:ethylene glycol) was investigated. The kinematic viscosity, electrical conductivity, electrochemical window, and water content of ethaline were monitored over a 2-week period. Karl Fischer titration tests showed that ethaline exposed to the atmosphere displayed significant hygroscopicity compared to its unexposed counterpart. ¹H NMR spectroscopy revealed that water vapor was readily absorbed at the surface due to the hydrophilic groups present in the ethaline molecule. Water uptake resulted in the decrease in viscosity, increase in electrical conductivity and narrowing of the electrochemical window of ethaline. Solution heating at 100℃ removed the absorbed moisture and allowed the recovery of the solvent's initial properties.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
• /
• 2019.05a
• /
• pp.287-288
• /
• 2019

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.69-77
• /
• 2020

Lignocellulosic biomass has recalcitrant characteristics against chemical and biological conversion due to its structural heterogeneity and complexity. The pretreatment process to overcome these recalcitrant properties is essential, especially for the biochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. In recent years, pretreatment methods using ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as the green solvent has attracted great attention because of their advantages such as easy recovery, chemical stability, temperature stability, nonflammability, low vapor pressure, and wide liquids range. However, there are some limitations such as high viscosity, poor economical feasibility, etc. to be solved for practical use. This paper reviewed the research activities on the pretreatment effect of various ILs including DESs and their co-solvents with organic solvents on the enzymatic saccharification efficiency of lignocellulosic biomass and the nanocellulose preparation from the pretreated products.

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
• /
• v.67
• /
• pp.148-155
• /
• 2018

To get a better understanding of the effect of physicochemical properties and microstructure on $SO_2$ absorption behavior of DESs with different molar ratios of EmimCl and EG (from 2:1 to 1:2), densities (${\rho}$), viscosities (${\eta}$), speeds of sound (u), refractive indices ($n_D$), and thermal decomposition temperatures ($T_d$) of EmimCl-EG DESs were measured and used to obtain the other derived properties, such as thermal expansion coefficient (${\alpha}_p$) and activation energy for viscous flow ($E_{\eta}$). Moreover, FT-IR spectra and in situ variable-temperature NMR spectroscopy were employed to study the microstructures of DESs. Based on physicochemical and spectroscopic properties, the influence of the concentrations of EmimCl on the interactions in DESs was explored to be associated with their $SO_2$ absorption behavior. The results show that the interactions between $Emim^+$ and $Cl^-$ of EmimCl is gradually weakening with increasing the concentration of EG in DESs by forming of hydrogen bond interaction of $O-H{\cdots}Cl^-$, resulting in a decrease of ${\rho}$, ${\eta}$, u, $n_D$, and $T_d$ of DESs, and hindering the charge-transfer interaction of $SO_2$ with $Cl^-$ and deceasing $SO_2$ capture capacity. Moreover, the $SO_2$ absorption capacity of DESs is proportional to their ${\rho}$ and $E_{\eta}$, respectively.