• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.453-459
• /
• 2022

A decrease in fertility rates causes problems such as decrease in the working-age population, and has a significant impact on national policies. Currently, the Republic of Korea has a conscription system that imposes military service on all men over the age of 18. However, the transition to the volunteer miliatry system is emerging as a social issue due to the decrease in the fertility rate. In this paper, news articles and comments searched for through the keyword ' volunteer miliatry system' were collected to analyze the social perception of the volunteer miliatry system from 2018, when the fertility rate dropped to less than 1. Some of the collected comments were labeled, and emotional levels were calculated through deep learning models. Through this study, we found that awareness of recruitment system conversion did not increase as the decrease in the fertility rate, and it was confirmed that people's interest is gradually increasing.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.62-71
• /
• 2024

The Study analyzed the effect of private education costs and housing prices on the total fertility rates in 16 metropolitan cities in Korea from 2009 to 2021, and estimated the contribution rates of each variable on the decrease in the total fertility rate. Using a dynamic panel data model considering the time series correlation of the total fertility rates, the total fertility rates for the year was positively (+) affected by the total fertility rates of the previous year, and the increase in apartment sales and Jeonse prices in the previous year reduced the total fertility rates. In addition, the increase in private education costs per capita in the previous year was analyzed to consistently reduce the total fertility rates.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.15-23
• /
• 2020

This study aimed to analyze effects of non-regular employment rate and female employment rate on fertility rate in OECD county. We adopted dynamic panel model after classifying OECD county to high and low fertility rate. The results of analysis showed that the higher non regular employment rate, the lower female employment rate, and the lower economy growth rate decrease fertility rate especially in low fertility rate country. While, only the higher house rental decrease in high fertility country. This results indicate that low fertility country including Korea should improve a labor policy such as strengthening employment security and encouraging female employment to increase fertility rate.

• Proceedings of the Population Association of Korea Conference
• /
• 2006.12a
• /
• pp.59-87
• /
• 2006

This paper explores the effects of the 1997 economic crisis on the pattern of socioeconomic differentials in fertility. Based on analysis of data from the 2003 Korea National Fertility Survey, this study focuses on recent changes in the level of fertility according to socioeconomic status of the couple including educational level, occupation, working status, income, etc. Results reveal that the level of fertility of those with the highest education, most prestigious occupation, and employer status are higher than those of the next group in the socioeconomic hierarchy. These findings imply that the straight line inverse pattern of socioeconomic differentials in CEB yielded to a reversed J-shaped curve. However, recent differentials of fertility after the economic crisis were found to contrast with the pattern above. Decrease in fertility has been most drastic among those with a high level of fertility, and relatively slow for those with a low level of fertility. The level of recent fertility turns out to be highest among those with upper-middle socioeconomic status, followed by those with the highest socioeconomic status and those with the lowest status. Policy implications and some comments on current population policies of the Korean government are also presented in this paper.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.243-253
• /
• 1995

Seral changes in environmental factors and recovery of soil fertility during abandoned field succession after shifting cultivation were investigated in eastern Kangwon-Do, Korea. Relative light intensity of herb and shrub layer decreased gradually until 50 years and increased slightly thereafter. Amount of litter and nutrients derived from it were depicted as a parabola form showing the gradual increment during the first 50 years and slight decrease thereafter. Organic matter, pH value, total-N and Mg of soil were plotted as an early depletion-mid pinnacle form showing the extrems depletion during the first 10 years, abrupt increase in about 20 or 50 years and gradual decrease thereafter. Ca, Al, Mn and Na of soil were depicted as a pinnacle form showing the peak in about 20 or 50 years. Thickness and field capacity of soil increased gradually, but K and total-P did not show any tendency as succession proceeded. The soil fertility, overall capacity of soil nutrients and water for plant growth, was plotted as the early depletion-mid pinnacle form.

• Health Policy and Management
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.233-239
• /
• 2018

A rapid decrease of total fertility rate to 1.08 in 2005 prompted the Korean government to plan and implement a '5-year plan for ageing society and population policy' starting from 2006. The 1st and 2nd 5-year plans had not shown any discernible impact on the fertility and the 3rd 5-year plan was launched in 2016. However, the fertility rate is going down further. The author reviewed the contents and assessment reports of the fertility promotion plan to suggest ideas for complementing the shortcomings of it. Author defined the major determinants of marriage and child birth as philosophy, politics, sense of value, social norm, culture, healthcare, and education. The plan was examined in view of these determinants. Transformation of Korea from an agricultural society to an industrialized society in a short period of time had brought about changes in most of the determinants of marriage and child birth; in particular philosophy and sense of value. These aspects were not put into consideration in the plan. Author suggested to launch a social education program for the general public to establish a sound philosophy of life, reform the sense of value on family, child birth and education, and cultivate the skill to draw a consensus through discussions on the social issues. A special program to promote marriage of women at the optimum age for child birth was proposed. The government should implement well balanced policy for economic development and labor. Multidisciplinary approach was recommended for these tasks.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.685-701
• /
• 2015

The low fertility rate and the unprecedented rapid pace of population aging is a significant factor degrading the national competitiveness and the social security system of Korea. The government has implemented various maternity incentives to alleviate the low birth problem; however, the policy seems in effective to solve the problem of low fertility. This study proposes a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate and investigates the policy effects of fertility transition in Korea to provide a basis for more effective policy development. The use of a conditional birth-order specific fertility rate allows for an effective calculation of the change and the effect in total fertility rate than a birth-order specific fertility rate. We compare the effects of the total fertility rate according to various scenarios that enables us to calculate how the total fertility rate can achieve the current multi-child childbirth support policy of the government and estimate how the total fertility rate can be achieved when focusing on the first or second childbirth support policy. We also summarize the research results on policy development for a practical increase in the childbirth that considers the rapid decrease in women of childbearing age (15-49 years) due to continued low fertility and present the number of childbirths in accordance with the total fertility rate.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.463-483
• /
• 2019

Since 2000, Korea's total fertility rate (TFR) has been different from that of Japan, Germany, and France where irreversible constants do not change easily in the fertility rate increasing or decreasing phase. It also showed a gradual increase from the minimum fertility level 1.08 in 2005 to 1.23 in 2015, which dropped to 1.17 in 2016, to 1.05 in 2017 and to 0.98 in 2018. This is similar to a double dip in the economic status of a recession. This paper investigates such a TFR increase and decrease factor that predicts the number of births affecting TFR, examines trends in the proportion of married and marital fertility rate broken down by TFR decomposition method. We also examined how these changes affect the change in TFR. According to the results, the number of births is estimated to be between 320 and 330 thousand in 2018, 300 thousand in 2020, 230 and 240 thousand in 2025. The proportion of married is steadily decreasing from 1981 to 2025, and the marital fertility rate is predicted to decline until 2002, then increase from 2003 to 2016 and decrease from 2017 to 2025. Finally, the trend of TFR in terms of number of births, TFR decomposition and statistical model is expected to show 0.98 in 2018, 0.93 to 1.11 in 2020 and 0.76 to 1.08 in 2025.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.93-99
• /
• 1996

The effect of KTC-1, a new semisynthetic rifamycin antituberculous drug, on general toxicity, reproductive capability and fetal development was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were administered KTC-1 with mashed feed from 63 days before mating to the end of mating period, and female rats were given from 14 days before mating to day 7 of gestation at dose levels of 0, 375, 750, and 1,500 ppm. The females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation for examination of their fetuses. At 1,500 ppm, a reduction in body weight gain and testis atrophy were observed in male rats. Histological examination revealed testicular atrophy, absence or decrease of germinal cells, and vacuolization of Sertoli cells in testis. A reduction in body weight gain, a decrease in food consumption were found in female rats. In addition, decreases in the number of corpora lutea, iraplantations, and the litter size of live fetuses were seen. Mating, fertility, and pregnancy performances were also affected. There were no external abnormalities observed by examination of fetuses. At 750 ppm, a reduction in the body weight gain of male and female rats and decreases in the number of implantations and litter size were found. At 375 ppm, no treatment-related effects were observed. The results suggest that the no-effect dose levels (NOELs) of KTC-1 are 375 ppm for males and females on general toxicity, 750 ppm for males and females on reproductive capability, and 375 ppm for fetuses on embryonic development.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 1996

A new composite antibiotic, SM-101(sulbactam.metampicillin), was at dose levels of 0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg/day administered intravenously to Sprague-Dawley male rats from predating to mating period and to females from premating to early gestation period. Effects of test agent on general findings and reproductive performance of parent animals and embryonic development were examined. In male parents, two deaths occurred at 1000 mg/kg. The increase in kidney weight of the 1000 mg/kg group were also observed. The decrease in body weight and food consumption were found at 500 and 1000 mg/kg. The decrease in spleen weight were seen at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg. In female parents, three deaths were found at 1000 mg/kg. Mating performance and fertility of parent animals were not adversely affected by all doses tested. F1 fetuses showed no changes related to treatment of SM-101. The results show that the no effect dose level(NOEL) for general toxicity of parent animals is under 250 mg/kg/day and NOELS for reproductive capability and fatal development are over 1000 mg/kg/day.