• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.118-128
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to present efficient methods of preserving and managing the fish shelter forest in Mulgun-ri on the southern coast of Korea on the basis of its humanistic, sociological and ecological characteristics. The study object is Korean natural monument No. 150, which is presumed to have been forested by descendants of Jeonju Lee Family who settled there, and village rituals are held every October to pray for the peace of the village. The forest is managed by Namhae-gun as a historical and cultural resource as well as its disaster-preventing, economic, and environmental and ecological functions. The linear form of the area is $23,962.6m^2$ and farmland(48.5%) and urbanization area(38.2%) are extensively located in its periphery area. Actual vegetation was sub-classified into three types of land according to use pressure and whether or not damage was done: land where its stratification was formed; land where it was restored, and the land where it was damaged. Plant communities were sub-classified into Aphananthe aspera community(I) and Zelkova serrata community(II) which had a low use pressure; Z. serrata-Chionanthus retusa-A. aspera community(III) and A. aspera-Z. serrata community(IV) which had a high use pressure; and Celtis sinensis-A. aspera community(V) whose underlayer was damaged by use. Fragmentation of the forest is under way and its inside vegetation growth is hampered due to the installation of traffic and resting facilities such as the through roads costal roads, wooden-deck walkways, parking lots, washstands, etc. As a restoration management plan for this, the following were required: an establishment of preferred restoration area; a selection of restoration vegetation species; and an appropriate restoration method. The damaged area($7,868.2m^2$) will have to be set up as the preferred restoration area; seedlings of restored vegetation species should be raised with dominant species within the forest(i.e., Z. serrata, A. aspera, C. sinensis, and C. retusa) as their 'mother trees' for the benefit of for the next-generation forest; and sub-tree and shrub layer should be complementarily planted with 5 and 115 trees(unit $100m^2$) respectively to facilitate the formation of a multi-layered vegetation structure. In addition, resting facilities scattered inside the forest should be demolished; and indiscriminate use of them should be controlled; management and monitoring should be carried out so that the area can be preserved and restored as a deciduous broad-leaved forest.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.318-333
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• 2020

The Nakdong-Jeongmaek extends north and south from Taebaek-si of Gangwon-do to Busan metropolitan city and includes a wide range of forest zone from temperate to the warm-temperature forest. The purpose of this study was to analyze the vegetation structural characteristics of the Quercus mongolica-dominant community, which was distributed in the largest area in Baekdudaegan and Jeongmaek, by region and communities in the Nakdong-Jeongmaek. For the study, a representative 6 sites were selected: Baekbyeongsan, Chilbosan, Baegamsan, Unjusan, Goheonsan, and Gudeoksan. The survey of the 6 sites showed that the canopy had over 85% the importance percentage of Quercus mongolica. In the understory, Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Fraxinus sieboldiana, etc. were located and Fraxinus sieboldiana, Lespedeza maximowiczii, Tripterygium regelii and so on were found in the shrub. The importance percentage of 4 communities of Quercus mongolica, which were separated by TWINSPAN, in the canopy was more than 80%, and the dominant species in the understory and shrub were the same. Currently, Quercus mongolica has been identified as the understory following the canopy, and the Quercus mongolica-dominant community is expected to continue unless there are external factors. In the temperate forest regions in Korea, Quercus spp.and Carpinus laxiflora form the major forest physiognomy in the natural forest state. Based on these characteristics, the Quercus mongolica-dominant community on the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek is considered to have characteristics of temperate forests in Korea. The Quercus mongolica community is a representative cool-temperate deciduous forest and known as a climatic climax in the upper section of the mountains in the Korean Peninsula. Trees of the same species should be distributed at each layer to maintain the dominant species' status in the canopy's climax forest. Therefore, the Quercus mongolica community is considered the climax forest in the ridge of the Nakdong-Jeongmaek.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2001

This study was carried out to examine the recovery of forest ecosystem by changes of soil chemical properties and soil microorganism at the burned areas of coniferous (Mt. Chocdae) and broad leaved forest (Samsinbong in Mt. Chiri). In the soil chemical properties of the burned area of Samsinbong, pH was 5.8, and contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available P₂O/sub 5/, exchangeable K/sup ＋/, exchangeable Ca/sup ＋＋/ and exchangeable Mg/sup ＋＋/ were 7.42%, 0.73%, 28.5 ㎎/㎏, 1.3 me/100g, 13.3 me/100g and 2.2 me/100g, respectively. But they showed a tendency to decrease with time. In the soil chemical properties of the burned area of Mt. Chocdae, pH was 5.3, and contents of organic matter, total nitrogen, available P2O5, exchangeable K/sup ＋/, exchangeabe Ca/sup ＋＋/ and Exchangeable Mg/sup ＋＋/ were 6.42%, 0.25%, 24.4 ㎎/㎏, 0.7 me/100g, 3.7 me/100g and 2.1 me/100g, respectively, and they also showed a tendency to decrease with time. In contrast, they were not changed with time at the unburned areas. At the burned area of Samsinbong, soil microorganism showed to order of fungi (69×10⁴ CFU), actinomycetes (523×10⁴ CFU) and aerobic bacteria (291×10⁴ CFU), and at the unburned area, showed to order of actinomycetes (745×10⁴ CFU), fungi (594×10⁴ CFUU), and aerobic bacteria (160×10/sup 4/ CFU). At the burned area of Mt. Chocdae, soil microorganism showed to order of fungi (676×10⁴ CFU), actinomycetes (434×10⁴ CFU) and aerobic bacteria (350×10⁴ CFU), and at the unburned area, showed to order of fungi (461 ×10⁴ CFU), aerobic bacteria (328×10⁴ CFU) and actinomycetes (319×10⁴ CFU). Soil microorganisms of the aerobic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi appeared at the burned areas were much more abundant than unburned areas. The aerobic bacteria appeared at the coniferous forest were also much more than the broad-leaved forest. The actinomycetes and fungi appeared at the broad-leaved forest were much more abundant than the coniferous forest.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.437-445
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• 2008

The presence of a "prismless" layer on the enamel surface particularly on deciduous teeth has been reported by a number of workers. This structure, which appears to lack the normal prism delineations, could interfere with tag formation and hence, reduce bonding to such surfaces. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of etching times on the effect of acid etching on primary enamel with respect to the quality of etching patterns. Labial surfaces of 32 extracted or exfoliated caries-free primary anterior teeth were used. 35% phosphoric acid gel was used only cervical regions of labial surfaces for each etching time group, 15, 30, 45 and 60 seconds. The surfaces were then washed with water for 20 seconds and dried with air spray for 20 seconds. 1. The Type 3 is 75% when the 15 seconds acid etching time was used. 2. The Type 1 is 38% and Type 2 is 75% when the 30 and 45 seconds acid etching time was used. 3. The Type 1 is 25% and Type 2 is 75% when the 60 seconds acid etching time was used. 4. An etching time of 60 seconds produced a constant and regular etching pattern. 5. There is a significant difference between the groups with respect to the patterns of etch achieved(p<0.05). 6. We confirmed that the acid induced patterns(type 1, 2) became more pronounced when the application time increased(p<0.05). $45{\sim}60$ seconds was the optimal time for etching on the primary enamel.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 2016

This study was carried out to compare soil physicochemical properties and nutrient concentrations of tree leaf between planted forests following forest fire and an undisturbed forest in the Bongdaesan mountain, where is located in the Ulsan metropolitan city. We established three deciduous tree planting (Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus yedoensis Matsum and Quercus acutissima Carruth.) plots, one unplanted plot following four-year forest fire and one undisturbed plot (Pinus densiflora S et. Z). Carbon (C) stocks in the organic horizon were significantly lower in the tree planted plots ($2394-3551kg{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) or the unplanted plots ($3689kg{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$) than in the undisturbed plot ($9388kg{\cdot}C{\cdot}ha^{-1}$). However, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) stocks in the organic horizon were not significantly different among the treatments. Soil water phase and soil pH were significantly higher in the P. yedoensis plot (water phase: 13.7-18.4%; soil pH: 4.62- 4.80) than in the undisturbed plots (water phase: 7.0%; soil pH: 4.10). Soil organic C concentration was slightly higher in the tree planted plots (1.89-3.60%) than in the unplanted (1.41%) plots. Soil Ca and Mg stocks at 10 cm of soil depth were significantly higher in the P. yedoensis and L. tulipifera plots than in the unplanted or undisturbed plots. Nutrient concentrations (Ca and Mg) of leaf were significantly higher in the L. tulipifera than in the Q. acutissima and the undisturbed pine plots. The results indicate that P, Ca, and Mg stocks in the organic horizon was not affected by tree planting, but Ca and Mg stocks at 10 cm of the soil depth were enhanced by the tree species established following four-year forest fire.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.108-119
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• 1996

Several parameters of hydraulic architecture relating to hydraulic conductance in xylem vessels were investigated in the current-year shoots of six species of deciduous oak trees. The above parameters were also investigated in the sprouts of Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis, as well as in the seedlings of Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima. The values of specific conductivity, leaf specific conductivity and Hagen-Poiseuille's relative hydraulic conductivity relating to vessel diameter of Q. dentata were the highest in all of the species studied. The above values of most of the species studied were higher in May-June than in September-October because of increasing the vessel embolism by cavitation and so on through the growing season. The estimated values of relative hydraulic conductivity of vessel by Hagen-Poiseuille's empirical equation and the real values of hydraulic conductivity presented positive relationships in most of the species studied. Huber value and leaf specific conductity using leaf area or leaf weight generally exhibited similar patterns each other even if having some exceptions. The hydraulic conductances of sprouting shoots were much better than those of normal growing shoots in Q. rnongolica and Q. variabilis. The specific conductivity and leaf specific conductivity were rapidly decreased by the vessel embolism through cavitating just after cutting the shoots in Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima seedlings. Diurnal changes of the conductivities in the seedlings of Q. mongolica and Q. acutissima presented the possibility of their self-controlling of conductance by active moisture absorption under mild water stress. Specific conductivity and leaf specific conductivity, and so on of Q. acutissima seedlings subjected to periodical moisture stress or not have decreased through the growing season, but the influences of moisture stress to the conductance were not proved definitely because of influencing similarly and simultaneously to the development of xylem and leaf having inverse relation in the influences. The values of conductivities were higher generally in middle or upper parts of stems than root collar in the seedlings.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2014

This study aims to evaluate the impact of varying exposure to dental amalgam on urinary mercury levels in children by measuring the number of amalgam-filled teeth and the variance of mercury concentration in urine over a period of 2 years. A total of 317 (male 158, female 159) elementary school children (1st~4th graders) attending 2 schools in urban regions participated in this study. At 6-month intervals, 4 oral examinations were conducted to check any variance in the conditions of dental caries and the status of dental fillings. Also, urine tests were conducted followed by a questionnaire survey. To elucidate the factors potentially affecting the mercury concentration in urine, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square test and a mixed model were used for the analysis. Regarding the status of dental fillings in line with examination time periods, deciduous teeth had more amalgam-filled surfaces than those filled with resin, whereas permanent teeth had more resin-filled surfaces than those filled with amalgam. A significant relevance was found between the exposure to dental amalgam and urinary mercury levels. Specifically, subjects whose teeth surfaces had been filled with dental amalgam showed higher urinary mercury levels than those who had no dental amalgam fillings. Based on the analysis using the mixed model, the increase in the number of teeth surfaces filled with amalgam was found to be the factor affecting the increase in urinary mercury levels. The urinary mercury levels were found to be highly associated with the exposure to dental amalgam. The more the teeth surfaces filled with amalgam, the higher the urinary mercury levels. Hence, even a trace of dental amalgam fillings can liberate mercury, affecting the variance in the urinary mercury levels. These findings suggest that some criteria or measures should be developed to minimize the exposure to dental amalgam. Moreover, relevant further studies are warranted.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1999

The Byokryon-Daejangbong valley forest in Keumsan area at Hallyo-Haesang National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty-eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 200m to 650m and part of the slope. Density, mean DBH, and basal area of the canopy trees were 820~1873trees/ha, 10.7~14.6cm, and 17.7~22.2$\m^2$/ha, respectively. With increasing elevation mean DBH and basal area of tree stratum increased while density of tree stratum decreased. As elevation increased the importance values of Quercus mongolioa, Styrax japonica, Acer pseudo-sieboldiannum, and Sorbus alnifolia increased while those of Pinus thunbergii, Pinus densiflora, Prunus sargentii, Cornus kousa, and Eurya japonica decreased. The importance values of Fraxinus sieboldiana, Quercus variabilis, and Sorbus alnifolia increased as going from lower part to upper part of the slope. However, the opposite trend was found for the importance values of Styrax japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, and Zelkova serrata, With incresing elevation number of species, species diversity, and evenness incresed and it was suggested that man interference was relatively severe. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts and between parts of the slope were 42.0~71.8% and 74.8~76.8%, respectively. According to importance values and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into four forest communities of Quercus serrata-Pinus densiflora community in low elevation belt, Carpinus laxiflora-deciduous tree species community in high elevation belt and lower and middle parts at middle elevation belt, Quercus variabilis-Carpinus laxiflora community in upper part at middle elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica-Styrax japonica community in top area. There were significantly positive correlation among Quercus serrata, Pinus densiflora, Pinus thunbergii, and Eurya japonica and among Carpinus laxiflora, Zelkova serrata, and Cornus walteri.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 2016

This study aims at providing basic data to objectively evaluate the areas suitable for reintroduction of the species of Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus) in order to effectively preserve the Asiatic black bears in the Korean protection areas including national parks, and for the species restoration success. To this end, this study predicted the potential habitats in East Asia, Southeast Asia and India, where there are the records of Asiatic black bears' appearances using the Maxent model and environmental variables related with climate, topography, road and land use. In addition, this study evaluated the effects of the relevant climate and environmental variables. This study also analyzed inhabitation range area suitable for Asiatic black and geographic change according to future climate change. As for the judgment accuracy of the Maxent model widely utilized for habitat distribution research of wildlife for preservation, AUC value was calculated as 0.893 (sd=0.121). This was useful in predicting Asiatic black bears' potential habitat and evaluate the habitat change characteristics according to future climate change. Compare to the distribution map of Asiatic black bears evaluated by IUCN, Habitat suitability by the Maxent model were regionally diverse in extant areas and low in the extinct areas from IUCN map. This can be the result reflecting the regional difference in the environmental conditions where Asiatic black bears inhabit. As for the environment affecting the potential habitat distribution of Asiatic black bears, inhabitation rate was the highest, according to land coverage type, compared to climate, topography and artificial factors like distance from road. Especially, the area of deciduous broadleaf forest was predicted to be preferred, in comparison with other land coverage types. Annual mean precipitation and the precipitation during the driest period were projected to affect more than temperature's annual range, and the inhabitation possibility was higher, as distance was farther from road. The reason is that Asiatic black bears are conjectured to prefer more stable area without human's intervention, as well as prey resource. The inhabitation range was predicted to be expanded gradually to the southern part of India, China's southeast coast and adjacent inland area, and Vietnam, Laos and Malaysia in the eastern coastal areas of Southeast Asia. The following areas are forecast to be the core areas, where Asiatic black bears can inhabit in the Asian region: Jeonnam, Jeonbuk and Gangwon areas in South Korea, Kyushu, Chugoku, Shikoku, Chubu, Kanto and Tohoku's border area in Japan, and Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Fujian border area in China. This study is expected to be used as basic data for the preservation and efficient management of Asiatic black bear's habitat, artificially introduced individual bear's release area selection, and the management of collision zones with humans.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.551-556
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• 2012

The database for the oriental medicine had been existed in documentation in past times and it has been developed to the database type for random accesses in the information society. However, the aspects of the database are not so diversified and the database for the bio herbal material exists in widened type dictionary style. It is a situation that the database which handles the in-depth raw herbal medicines is not sufficient in its quantity and quality. Korean wild grape is a deciduous plant categorized into the Vitaceae and it was found experimentally that it has various medical effects. It is one of the medical materials with higher potentiality of academic study and commercialization recently because it has a bigger possibility to be applied into diverse industrial fields including the medical product for health, food and beauty. We constituted the cooperative system among the Muju cluster business group for Korean mountain wild grapes, Physiology Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine and Medical Classics Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine with a view to focusing on such potentiality and a database for Korean wild grapes was made a touchstone for establishing the in-depth database for the single bio medical materials. First of all, the literatures based on the North East Asia in ancient times had been categorized into the classical literature (Korean literature published by government organization, Korean classical literature, Chinese classical literature and classical literature fro Korean and Chinese oriental medicine) and modern literature (Modern literature for oriental medicine, modern literature for domestic and foreign herbal medicine) to cover the eastern and western research records and writings related to Korean wild grapes and the text-mining work has been performed through the cooperation system with the Medical Classics Laboratory in Kyung Hee University Oriental Medicine. First of all, the data for the experiment and theory for Korean wild grape were collected for the Medline database controlled by the Parliament Library of USA to arrange the domestic and foreign theses with topic for Korean wild grapes and the network hyperlink function and down load function were mounted for self-thesis searching function and active view based on the collected data. The thesis searching function provides various auxiliary functions and the searching is available according to the diverse searching/queries such as the name of sub species of Korean wild grape, the logical intersection index for the active ingredients, efficacy and elements. It was constituted for the researchers who design the Korean wild grape study to design of easier experiment. In addition, the data related to the patents for Korean wild grape which were collected from European Patent Office in response to the commercialization possibility and the system available for searching and view was established in the same viewpoint. Perl was used for the query programming and MS-SQL for database establishment and management in the designing of this database. Currently, the data is available for free use and the address is as follows. http://163.180.41.43:8011/index.html