• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2012

본 연구는 고객이 부동산중개서비스 품질요인을 어떻게 평가하며, 중요한 품질요인으로 선호하는지에 관해 연구한 내용이다. 부동산중개서비스 품질요인으로 중개업자의 전문지식, 중개업자의 영업능력, 중개업자의 책임의식, 중개사무소의 입지, 프랜차이즈 가맹여부를 선정하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면, 고객들은 다섯 가지 부동산중개서비스 품질요인 중 중개업자의 책임의식을 가장 중요한 품질요인으로 선호하는 것으로 분석되었으며, 그 다음으로 중개업자의 전문지식, 중개업자의 영업능력, 중개사무소의 입지, 프랜차이즈 가맹여부 순으로 분석되었다. 본 연구의 결과에서 보듯 중개업자는 중개업자로서의 책임의식과 전문지식을 향상시키는 데 노력해야 하며, 친절한 서비스와 적극적 중개행위로 영업능력을 향상시켜야 할 것이다. 중개사무소의 입지는 지속적인 홍보가 중요하다고 보여 지며, 프랜차이즈 가맹업소의 효율적인 활용을 위해서는 인터넷 정보망의 개선이 필요하다고 보여 진다. 본 논문은 부동산중개 계약을 경험한 고객들이 어떤 서비스를 필요로 하는지를 알아보기 위해 직접 면담을 통해 얻은 자료를 실증적으로 분석한 결과이다. 따라서 국토해양부의 업무관련부서와 중개협회에서는 본 자료를 참고하여 대책을 강구하는데 조금이나마 기여하였으면 한다. 아울러 중개업계와 중개업자들 스스로 경쟁에 치우쳐 한 치 앞만 보지 말고 중개업의 발전을 위해 지속적으로 노력하여야 할 것이다.

• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Recently, there has been an increasing need for long-term care and comprehensive health care services in community settings. The Ministry of Health and Welfare introduced the Hospital-Based Home Nursing Care Program in 2000. Before this initiative, there was a Home Nursing Demonstration Center, affiliated with the Seoul Nurse Association, had offered home nursing services with the financial support from the local government. since 1993, the Center's nursing staff has been engaged in a general hospital in an effort to provide home nursing care services within Korea's health care system. The purpose of this study was to analyze and identify characteristics of community-based home nursing care supplied by a community-based home nursing team engaged in a general hospital. Also. visit nursing care services provided by public health centers were evaluated in terms of accessibility and supply versus demand, to enhance the accessibility of low-income patients living in Seoul to home nursing care services. Data were collected from home nursing insurance reimbursement claims submitted by the community-based home nursing care team from March 1 to October 30 in 2001 and a questionnaire survey on home-visit nursing services of 25 public health centers in Seoul. The subjects consisted of 197 patients and 12 public health centers. The result were as follows. First, medical institution's community-based home nursing care program was better in technical quality than health-center-based home-visit nursing care. In addition. the pattern of the subject patients was similar to that of hospital-based home nursing care program. Second, there was a high demand for community-based home nursing care while only a small number of home-visiting nurses served at public health centers in Seoul. As a result, many patients could not receive adequate care. Finally, we suggest that community-based home nursing care program should be introduced in the national health system to meet the at-home care needs of severely ill low-income patients. Furthermore, to better utilize home nursing and visit-nursing care resources and offer continued care for patients in community settings, an efficient referral network should be built among related institutions. This would require improvement of reimbursement system and amendment of the law related to health insurance system and community-based home nursing care services.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.629-635
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• 2019

여러 분야에서 사용되는 이미지 분류를 위한 딥러닝(Deep Learning) 모델은 오류 역전파 방법을 통해 미분을 구현하고 미분 값을 통해 예측 상의 오류를 학습한다. 엄청난 계산량을 향상된 계산 능력으로 해결하여, 복잡하게 설계된 모델에서도 파라미터의 전역 (혹은 국소) 최적점을 찾을 수 있다는 것이 장점이다. 하지만 정교하게 계산된 데이터를 만들어내면 이 딥러닝 모델을 '속여' 모델의 예측 정확도와 같은 성능을 저하시킬 수 있다. 이렇게 생성된 적대적 사례는 딥러닝을 저해할 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 사람의 눈으로는 쉽게 발견할 수 없도록 정교하게 계산되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 임의의 잡음 신호를 추가하는 방법을 통해 적대적으로 생성된 이미지 데이터셋을 탐지하는 방안을 제안한다. 임의의 잡음 신호를 추가하였을 때 일반적인 데이터셋은 예측 정확도가 거의 변하지 않는 반면, 적대적 데이터셋의 예측 정확도는 크게 변한다는 특성을 이용한다. 실험은 공격 기법(FGSM, Saliency Map)과 잡음 신호의 세기 수준(픽셀 최댓값 255 기준 0-19) 두 가지 변수를 독립 변수로 설정하고 임의의 잡음 신호를 추가하였을 때의 예측 정확도 차이를 종속 변수로 설정하여 시뮬레이션을 진행하였다. 각 변수별로 일반적 데이터셋과 적대적 데이터셋을 구분하는 탐지 역치를 도출하였으며, 이 탐지 역치를 통해 적대적 데이터셋을 탐지할 수 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제101권3호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2012

본 연구는 원주시를 대상으로 중해상도 위성영상을 이용하여 산림전용지의 추출 및 정확도 분석을 목적으로 수행하였다. 2000년부터 2008년까지 산림에서 비산림으로 전용된 면적은 467 ha로 연평균 약 52 ha가 전용되었으며, 전용형태는 주거지로의 전용이 약 72% 차지하였으며, 전체발생면적의 약 97%가 2 ha 미만이였다. 또한, 산림전용지는 도로로부터 500 m이내와 산림 비산림 경계로부터 100 m이내 지역에서 약 79%가 발생하였다. 한편, 행정정보상의 산림전용지(GIS전용지)와 위성영상에 의하여 구축된 지수별(NDVI,NBR,NDWI) 산림전용지(RS전용지)와 비교한 결과, 추출정확도는 $3{\times}3$ 필터링을 적용한 NDVI의 평균$({\mu})$-표준편차$({\sigma}){\times}1.5$ 구간에서 일치율 35.47%, K-지수 0.20로 가장 안정적인 정확도를 나타냈다. 정확도 오차의 원인으로는 산림전용지의 토지이용변화와 토지피복변화의 불일치로서, 행정정보상의 산림전용지의 실제 토지피복변화율은 약 32%에 지나지 않았다. 또한, RS전용지에 의하여 산림경영활동지역의 약 7.52%가 산림전용지로 오류 추출되었다. 토지이용 및 토지피복상 변화된 산림전용지(GIS전용지2)를 대상으로 지수별 RS전용지와 정확도를 비교한 결과, $3{\times}3$ 필터링을 적용한 NDVI의 ${\mu}-{\sigma}{\times}2$ 구간에서 일치율 61.23%, K-지수 0.23으로 향상되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.88-101
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• 2009

Objectives: Since Korean traditional medicine has an integrative perspective by its nature, the patients' psychological and physical problems in a Korean traditional clinic may be resolved through a more integrative approach. The purpose of this study was to describe the latent characteristics of psychological health of child outpatients and their parents visiting Korean traditional clinic with physical complaints and was to propose an alternative curriculum to meet their needs based on their psychological and physical aspects. Methods: Subjects studied consisted of 100 outpatients (59 boys, 41 girls, mean age 55 months, age range 18 to 83 months) and their parents. Behavior characteristics for children were measured by Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1.5-5 (CBCL1.5-5) while parenting stress, depression, and anxiety for parent were measured by Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), respectively. The data of subjects were compared to those of standardized groups and then were compared according to child's gender within sample. Results: Child participants were reported to have significantly higher scores of all CBCL 1.5-5 subscales than the standardized group. When compared, no differences of K-PSI-SF, CES-D, and STAI was found between parents of participants and the standardized groups. However, parents of child participants with at-risk psychological problems showed significantly higher scores of all parenting stress subscales than those of all child participants. In addition, the mothers of boy participants demonstrated significantly higher anxiety, depression and parenting stress than those of girl participants irrespective of psychological severity. Conclusions: We discussed the implication of these results in clinical situation and make recommendations for curriculum of psychiatry and pediatrics with the aim of improving proper diagnosis, consulting and treatment.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.107-118
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• 2016

Purpose - In today's markets, new technologies such as social network systems and user generated contents have provided consumers with access to unlimited amounts of information and an ability to communicate with other consumers in the world. Specially, the massive of the internet and the development of online communities and interactive platforms offer the potential to cocreate with a large number of consumers. Significant changes in marketplace suggest that simply being consumer oriented is not enough, so firms must learn from and collaborate with consumers to create values that meet their individual and dynamic needs. In these sense, emergent perspectives in marketing highlight new opportunities for co-opting consumers as a means to define and cocreate value through their engagement. Although the importance of consumer co-creation with firms, the current literature lacks the respond to two questions: (1) who are the most competent consumers for creating the values with firm? and (2) what are the stimulaters to help the consumers engage for co-creation? To this answer the question, this research investigate how to structure consumer motivations to encourage consumers to be more engaged for co-creation and what drives a consumer to get involved to respond to a call for co-creation. Research design, data, and methodology - To empirically test the hypotheses, a survey was conducted among consumers who had experienced the co-creation including upstream, downstream, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation with the firms. We collected a total of 343 responses. After we excluded 37 questionnaire because of incomplete responses, a total of 306 questionnaire remained. Working with a sample of 306 responses in Seoul and Kwangju, hierarchical moderated regression is employed to test research hypotheses. Results - The results indicated that consumer creativity and emergent nature are positively related to engagement in co-creation including upstream, downstream, autonomous, and sponsored co-creation. Also, the relationships between consumer creativity/emergent nature and engagement in co-creation were moderated by intrinsic motivation in case of upstream and downstream co-creation. Finally, interaction effects between consumer creativity/emergent nature and extrinsic motivation were not significant. Conclusions - These results suggest that marketing managers have to consider the consumer personality such as creativity and emergent nature and stimulate the intrinsic motivation of consumer to achieve the co-creation project successfully.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 인터넷 애플리케이션 트래픽 분류방법으로 대표되는 포트 번호 및 페이로드 정보를 이용하는 방법론의 한계점을 극복하는 대안으로서, SVM을 기반으로 한 계층적 인터넷 애플리케이션 트래픽 분류 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 이진 분류기인 SVM과 단일클래스 SVM의 대표적 모델인 SVDD를 계층적으로 결합한 새로운 트래픽 분류 모델로서, 학내에서 수집된 양방향 트래픽 플로우 데이터에 대한 최적의 속성 부분집합을 선택한 후, P2P 트래픽과 non-P2P 트래픽을 빠르게 분류하는 첫 번째 계층, P2P 트래픽들을 파일공유, 메신저, TV로 분류하는 두 번째 계층, 그리고 전체 16가지 애플리케이션 트래픽별로 세분화 분류하는 세 번째 계층으로 구성된다. 제안된 시스템은 인터넷 애플리케이션 트래픽을 coarse 혹은 fine하게 분류함으로써 효율적인 시스템의 자원 관리, 안정적인 네트워크 환경의 지원, 원활한 대역폭의 사용, 그리고 적절한 QoS를 보장할 수 있다. 또한, 새로운 애플리케이션 트래픽이 추가되더라도 전체 시스템을 재학습시킬 필요 없이 새로운 애플리케이션 트래픽만을 추가 학습함으로써 시스템의 점증적 갱신 및 확장성도 가능하다. 실험을 통하여 제안된 시스템의 성능을 검증한다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2006

Background: Chronic inflammation in the brain has known to be associated with the development of a various neurological diseases including dementia. In general, the characteristic of neuro-inflammation is the activated microglia over the brain where the pathogenesis occurs. Pro-inflammatory repertoires, interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) and nitric oxide (NO), are the main causes of neuro-degenerative disease, particularly in Alzheimer's disease (AD) which is caused by neuronal destruction. Those pro-inflammatory repertoires may lead the brain to chronic inflammatory status, and thus we hypothesized that chronic inflammation would be inhibited when pro-inflammatory repertoires are to be well controlled by inactivating the signal transduction associated with inflammation. Methods: In the present study, we examined whether biphenyl dimethyl dicarboxylate (DDB), an active compound from Schizandra chinensis Baillon, inhibits the NO production by a direct method using Griess reagent and by RT-PCR in the gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and IL-1${\beta}$. Western blots were also used for the analysis of NF-${\kappa}B$ and I${\kappa}B$. Results: In the study, we found that DDB effectively inhibited IL-1${\beta}$ as well as NO production in BV-2 microglial cell, and the translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ was comparably inhibited in the presence of DDB comparing those to the positive control, lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion: The data suggested that the DDB from Schizandra chinensis Baillon may play an effective role in inhibiting the pro-inflammatory repertoires which may cause neurodegeneration and the results imply that the compound suppresses a cue signal of the microglial activation which can induce the brain pathogenesis such as Alzheimer's disease.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.154-162
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• 2006

Background: Dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy is studied for several years. However, it is mainly derived from autologous PBMC or leukapheresis from patient, which has limitations about yield and ability of DC production according to individual status. In order to solve these problems, inquiries about allogeneic DCs are performed but there are no preclinical trial answers for effect or toxicity of allogeneic DC to use for clinical trial. In this study, we compared the anti-tumor effect of allogeneic and autologous DCs from mouse bone marrow stem cells in mouse metastatic melanoma model. Methods: B16F10 melanoma cells ($5{\times}10^4$/mouse) were injected intravenously into the C57BL/6 mouse. Therapeutic DCs were differentiated from autologous (C57BL/6: CDC) or allogeneic (B6C3F1: BDC) bone marrow stem cells with GM-CSF, SCF and IL-4 for 13days and pulsed with B16F10 tumor cell lysate (Blys) for 18hrs. DC intra-peritoneal injections began on the 8th day after the tumor cell injection by twice with one week interval. Results: Anti-tumor response was observed by DC treatment without any toxicity especially in allogeneic DC treated mice (tumor burden score: $2.667{\pm}0.184,\;2.500{\pm}0.463,\;2.000{\pm}0.286,\;1.500{\pm}0.286,\;1.667 {\pm}0.297$ for saline, CDC/unpulsed-DC: U-DC, CDC/Blys-DC, BDC/U-DC and BDC/Blys-DC, respectively). IFN-${\gamma}$ secretion was significantly increased in allogeneic DC group stimulated with B16F10 cell lysate ($2,643.3{\pm}5,89.7,\;8,561.5{\pm}2,204.9.\;6,901.2{\pm}141.1pg/1{\times}10^6$ cells for saline, BDC/U-DC and BDC/Blys-DC, respectively) with increased NK cell activity. Conclusion: Conclusively, promising data was obtained that allogeneic DC can be used for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.33-42
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• 2006

Background: Calcineurin plays a crucial role in T cell activation, cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, and its over-expression has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy and stroke. However, the expression and function of calcineurin in the pathologic lesion of chronic inflammatory diseases, like rheumatoid synovium, remain to be defined. This study was aimed to determine the role of calcineurin in inflammatory arthritis and investigate the expression and function of calcineurin in the rheumatoid synovium and synoviocytes, the actual site of chronic inflammation. Methods: Immuno-histochemical staining using specific antibody to calcineurin was perfomed in the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients were isolated from RA and OA patients, and cultured with IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ in the presence or absence of cyclosporin A, a calcineurin inhibitor. The calcineurin expression was assessed by phosphatase assay and Western blotting analysis. IL-6, -10, -17, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -2, -3, and -9 released into the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. After transfection with GFP-Cabin 1 gene into synoviocytes, the levels of IL-6 and MMPs were measured by ELISA. Results: Calcineurin was highly expressed in the lining layer of synovium and cultured synoviocytes of RA patients. The elevated calcineurin activity in the rheumatoid synoviocytes was triggered by proin flammatory cytokines such as IL-1${\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$. In contrast, IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, failed to increase the calcineurin activity. The targeted inhibition of calcineurin by the over-expression of Cabin 1, a natural calcineurin antagonist, inhibited the production of IL-6 and MMP-2 by rheumatoid synoviocytes in a similar manner to the calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin A. Conclusion: These data suggest that abnormal activation of calcineurin in the synoviocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis, and thus provide a potential target for controlling inflammatory arthritis.