• Ocean Science Journal
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.211-222
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• 2007

We compare insolation results calculated from two well-known empirical formulas (Socket and Beaudry's SB73 formula and the original Smithsonian (SMS) formula) and a radiative transfer model using input data predicted from meteorological weather-forecast models, and review the accuracy of each method. Comparison of annual mean daily irradiance values for clear-sky conditions between the two formulas shows that, relative to the SMS, the SB73 underestimates spring values by 9 W $m^{-2}$ in the northern Adriatic Sea, although overall there is a good agreement between the annual results calculated with the two formulas. We also elucidate the effect on SMS of changing the 'Sun-Earth distance factor (f)', a parameter which is commonly assumed to be constant in the oceanographic context. Results show that the mean daily solar radiation for clear-sky conditions in the northern Adriatic Sea can be reduced as much as 12 W $m^{-2}$ during summer due to a decrease in the f value. Lastly, surface irradiance values calculated from a simple radiative transfer model (GM02) for clear-sky conditions are compared to those from SB73 and SMS. Comparison with iu situ data in the northern Adriatic Sea shows that the GM02 estimate gives more realistic surface irradiance values than SMS, particularly during summer. Additionally, irradiance values calculated by GM02 using the buoy meteorological fields and ECMWF (The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) meteorological data show the suitability of the ECMWF data usage. Through tests of GM02 sensitivity to key regional meteorological factors, we explore the main factors contributing significantly to a reduction in summertime solar irradiance in the Adriatic Sea.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.81-89
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• 1989

This study is to determine seasonal consumptive use of water of a design year during growing period (June-September) for paddy rice in Suwon. To obtain Dry flay Index which is defined as the number of probable dry days occurring at a design year, Slade Partly Un- symmetrical Distribution Function was adopted. Dry Day Index was analysed with 5, 10 and 30 day-term. And each of them was evaluated with recurrence intervals of 1, 3, 5, 10 and 20 year using 49 years daily rainfall data('35-'83). Their singnificance were tested at 1% level by X$^2$ test. On the basis of these values, Probable Evapotranspiration (ET) which is the daily average ET for the sum of both ET on dry days and ET on rainy days were esti- mated using 5 years daily actual ET data(' 82-' 86). Their Crop Coefficients were also de- termined by the modified Penman equation(1977) proposed by Doorenbos & Pruitt.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 1971

During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas; the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was $30.42ton/km^2/month$, ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were $33.17ton/km^2/month$ in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were $52.32ton/km^2/month$ in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were $48.27ton/km^2/month$ in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were $36.46ton/km^2/month$ in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were $1.52mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were $1.89mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were $2.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a peak in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was $2.89mg/m^3$, ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by city were $3.14mg/m^3$ in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan, and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residential area. 16. The comparison of the noise levels by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentrations of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. The weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides(CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentrations of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of $SO_2$ and CO reaches a peak from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-91
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• 2019

These days, virtually every mobile game has a daily quest system. Daily quest is a great tool that can attract game players by providing daily rewards as the player conducts designated missions. However, conducting similar tasks repeatedly has a risk of becoming tedious duties, and maintaining an enjoyable daily quest is critical in enhancing the overall experience of a game. Based on the awareness on the need for academic research on daily quest systems, this study categorized the types of quests systems implemented in the current mobile games, observed how preferred type differs by player's propensity, and analyzed how motivation of a player can be improved using quest types. The results are (1) the staged rewards after each clearance of a task improve a player's motivation, (2) players with high autonomy should be given a freedom to choose their own quests, and (3) players who values their playing skills higher are motivated by providing a feedback on the completion of a task.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.543-553
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• 2020

This paper examines the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the Philippine stock exchange, peso-dollar rate and retail price of diesel using robust least squares regression and vector autoregression (VAR). The robust least squares regression using MM-estimation method concluded that COVID-19 daily infection has negative and statistically significant effect on the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange rate and retail pump price of diesel. This is consistent with the results of correlation diagnostics. As for the VAR model, the lag values of the independent variable disclose significance in explaining the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange rate and retail pump price of diesel. Moreover, in the short run, the impulse response function confirmed relative effect of COVID-19 daily infections and the variance decomposition divulge that COVID-19 daily infections have accounted for only minor portion in explaining fluctuations of the Philippine stock exchange index, peso-dollar exchange and retail pump price of diesel. In the long term, the influence levels off. The Granger causality test suggests that COVID-19 daily infections cause changes in the Philippine stock exchange index and peso-dollar exchange rate in the short run. However, COVID-19 infection has no causal link with retail pump price of diesel.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

The concerns on high ozone concentration phenomenon is significantly growing in Seoul metropolitan area including the industry complex area, like Shiwha Banwol area. The aims of this research is the analysis of relationship between high concentrations of $O_3$ and solar radiation parameters in atmosphere. The understanding of the effects of solar radiation intensity, humidity, high air temperature on ozone concentration in a day is very useful to provide a direction for reducing of the high ozone concentration to a local government or a metropolitan government. The correlation analysis between maximum ozone concentration and various meteorological parameters in 2009 - 2011 carried out using IBM's SPSS program. The results showed that the mean correlations coefficient (R) between daily Ozone maximum and solar radiation resulted R = 0.64 during 2011. May - September in 10 air pollution stations. In case of correlations between daily ozone maximum and relative humidity showed negative correlation R = -0.61. The correlation analysis with mean air temperature during 1-3 PM resulted R = 0.29. This low correlation coefficient could be corrected by using of categorized data of ozone concentration. The daily maximum ozone concentration is more dependent on peak solar radiation and high air temperature during 1-3 PM than its simple daily maximum values. The results of this research would be used to develop the high ozone alert system around Seoul metropolitan area. This correlation analysis could be partially integrated to prediction of ozone peak concentration in connection with other methods like classification and regression tree(CART).

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2021

Sponge ball cleaning can generate an abrasion effect, which leads to an attractive increasing in both permeate flux and membrane rejection. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the daily sponge ball cleaning (SBC) on the performance of different UF cross-flow membrane modules integrated with a bioreactor. Two 1"-membrane modules and one 1/2"-membrane module were tested. The parameters measured and controlled are temperature, pH, viscosity, particle size, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total suspended solids (TSS), and permeate flux. The permeate flux could be improved by 60%, for some modules, after 11 days of daily sponge ball cleaning at a transmembrane pressure of 350 kPa and a flow velocity of 4 m/s. Rejection values of all tested modules were improved by 10%. The highest permeate flux of 195 L/㎡.h was achieved using a 1"-membrane module with the aid of its negatively charged membrane material and the daily sponge ball cleaning. In addition, the enhancement in the permeate flux caused by daily sponge ball cleaning improved the energy specific demand for all tested modules. The negatively charged membrane showed the lowest energy specific demand of 1.31 kWh/㎥ in combination with the highest flux, which is a very competitive result.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.252-261
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• 2018

This study was conducted to develop a method to generate daily maximum and minimum temperatures using monthly data. We analyzed 30-year daily weather data of the 23 meteorological stations in South Korea and elucidated the parameters for predicting annual trend (center value ($\hat{U}$), amplitude (C), deviation (T)) and daily fluctuation (A, B) of daily maximum and minimum temperature. We use national average values for C, T, A and B parameters, but the center value is derived from the annual average data on each stations. First, daily weather data were generated according to the occurrence of rainfall, then calibrated using monthly data, and finally, daily maximum and minimum daily temperatures were generated. With this method, we could generate daily weather data with more than 95% similar distribution to recorded data for all 23 stations. In addition, this method was able to generate Growing Degree Day(GDD) similar to the past data, and it could be applied to areas not subject to survey. This method is useful for generating daily data in case of having monthly data such as climate change scenarios.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.48
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• pp.83-100
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• 1999

Articles from leading daily newspapers dealing with costumes analyzed here dating back to oughly one year before the I.M.F. system came into place in korea. The values and esthetic consciousness of that period were studied through fashion. The major conclusions of the study are as follows: 1. The values of exhibition conformity and extravagance were emphasized. 2. The beauty of play the beauty of the extraordinary and the beauty of splendour were expressed as the esthetic consciousness 3. Preference of young people toward expensive high-grade and foreign-made brands was excessive Adults have to guide the young not to overconsume. Development of a sounder culture of clothing is needed for the establishment of economic prosperity for the nation.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.481-495
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• 2011

This study is performed to consider the threshold values of heavy rain warning in Korea using 98 surface meteorological station data and 590 Automatic Weather System stations (AWSs), damage data of National Emergency Management Agency for the period of 2005 to 2009. It is in need to arrange new criteria for heavy rain considering concept of rainfall intensity and rainfall damage to reflect the changed characteristics of rainfall according to the climate change. Rainfall values from the most frequent rainfall damage are at 30 mm/1 hr, 60 mm/3 hr, 70 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. The cumulative probability of damage occurrences of one in two due to heavy rain shows up at 20 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 110 mm/12 hr, respectively. When the relationship between threshold values of heavy rain warning and the possibility of rainfall damage is investigated, rainfall values for high connectivity between heavy rain warning criteria and the possibility of rainfall damage appear at 30 mm/1 hr, 50 mm/3 hr, 80 mm/6 hr, and 100 m/12 hr, respectively. It is proper to adopt the daily maximum precipitation intensity of 6 and 12 hours, because 6 hours rainfall might be include the concept of rainfall intensity for very-short-term and short-term unexpectedly happened rainfall and 12 hours rainfall could maintain the connectivity of the previous heavy rain warning system and represent long-term continuously happened rainfall. The optimum combinations of criteria for heavy rain warning of 6 and 12 hours are 80 mm/6 hr or 100 mm/12 hr, and 70 mm/6 hr or 110 mm/12 hr.