• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.555-566
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of medicinal herbs on characteristics and qualities of pork for 6 months using 102 post-weaning piglets, To improve the bod gain and feed efficiency rate, post-weaning piglets were fed with medicinal herbs from 4 to 10 weeks after birth, while grower pigs for 60 days before slaughter. Daily body gain of piglets of experimental group was higher(493.1g) than control(447.8g), with feed demand index 1.49 versus 1.6 times in control, indicating. The more pigs were fed with herbs, the higher body gain was observed. Among carcass characteristics, dressing percentage and backfat thickness were higher in experimental group(68.26% and 14.52mm) than control(67.39% and 14.36mm). Experimental group(0.5% medicinal herb-fed) produced more A class carcass. In fatty acid analysis, meats of experimental group contained less saturated(more unsaturated) fatty acids than control. Especially, palmitic acid, a precursor of cholesterol, was less and oleic acid was more contained than control. In amino acid analysis, essential amino acids(methionine and isoleucine) were increased in meats of experimental group. In concolusion, feeding medicinal herbs has effects such as increased body gain, improved feed demand, and carcass class on piglets and improved meat quality on growers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1076-1083
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• 2007

The effects of barley and oat feeding in table duck were investigated. During a 49-day growing period a corn-based diet was supplemented by 45% barley and 45% oats (isonitrogenously and iso-energetically), respectively. Daily feed intake, FCR-, and weight gain were measured. Abdominal fat, liver, and gizzard weights were determined and dry matter, protein, fat content and fatty acid composition of femoro-tibial muscles and liver fat were measured on the $35^{th}$, $42^{nd}$ and $49^{th}$ days of age. Feeding 45% barley caused a decrease of growth rate ($p{\leq}0.05$) during the first 4 weeks, which was followed by a rapid, compensatory growth from the $6^{th}$ week of age ($p{\leq}0.05$). Both barley and oat supplementation increased protein ($p{\leq}0.05$), while decreasing fat ($p{\leq}0.05$) and dry matter ($p{\leq}0.05$) content of the liver. Feeding of 45% oats in the diet decreased the monounsaturated fatty acid ($p{\leq}0,05$) and increased the n-6 ($p{\leq}0,05$), n-3 ($p{\leq}0,05$) and total polyunsaturated ($p{\leq}0,05$) fatty acid content of the intramuscular fat owing to the high proportion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in the diet. This might be explained by the more pronounced decrease in digestibility of saturated than unsaturated fatty acids in birds fed a soluble NSP-enriched diet. This result might be caused by the "cage effect" of soluble NSP trapping the bile salts which are more important for the absorption of saturated than polyunsaturated fatty acids.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.249-253
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• 2014

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to determine the influence of dietary distillers dried grain (DDG) on the growth and body composition of juvenile abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Five diets were formulated to contain 0% (DDG0), 15% (DDG15), 30% (DDG30), 45% (DDG45), and 60% (DDG60) DDG, and three replicate groups of abalone (average body weight: $3.6{\pm}0.21$ g) were fed one of the experimental diets at a feeding rate of 5% body weight per day once daily (17:00 h) for 8 weeks. Survival, shell length, and shell width of juvenile abalone were not affected by dietary DDG levels (P > 0.05). Weight gains of juvenile abalone fed DDG15 and DDG30 diets were not different compared to DDG0, but abalone fed DDG45 and DDG60 diets gained less weight than those fed DDG0 (P < 0.05). Soft body weight/body weight ratio of juvenile abalone fed the DDG60 diet was lower than that of those fed the DDG0 diet (P < 0.05), but proximate composition of the soft body was not affected by dietary DDG levels (P > 0.05). The results of this experiment suggest that DDG is a good replacement for wheat flour and soybean meal, and can be used up to 30% in the diet to maintain the growth performance of the juvenile abalone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.565-569
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• 2002

Thirty six young New Zealand white rabbits were used in a randomised complete block (RCB) design with a $3{\times}2$ factorial treatment experiment to study the suitability of sorghum as substitute for maize in the diet of growing rabbits in Kenya. Six different diets were formulated to contain 35% of one of the three different types of grain (maize, white sorghum or brown sorghum) and one of the two different levels of crude protein (CP) 16 or 18.5% and fed to growing rabbits for a period of six weeks. The tannin content of the grains was 0.05, 0.52 and 5.6% chatechin equivalents for maize, white and brown sorghum respectively. Weaning weight at 35 days of age was used as the blocking criterion at the beginning of the experiment. Results of feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, feed digestibility, as well as the blood parameters, indicated that white sorghum was not significantly different from maize. Animals fed on diets containing brown sorghum had a lower average daily gain (ADG) and a poorer feed conversion efficiency (FCE) (p<0.01) in comparison with those fed on diets containing maize or white sorghum. The 18.5% CP level gave a better FCE (p<0.05) compared with the 16% CP level. However, increasing the level of CP did not improve the utilisation of any of the grains. It was concluded that white sorghum could effectively substitute maize in the diet of growing rabbits. On the other hand, the use of brown sorghum in the diets of growing rabbits may compromise their growth rate. This may be due to the high concentration of tannins in the brown sorghum.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2002

Diets containing 0.02 to 10.0% EM-fermented orange (EFO) were fed to Paralichthys olivaceus(8.5 g), which were reared in flow-through system for 16 weeks. Groups fed on diets containing 0.1 and 0.2% EFO grew significantly faster; their feed coefficient and daily feeding rate were also higher. The number of goblet cells present in the mid-intestine of the fish receiving dietary EFO was significantly more. Total cholesterol level in plasma of the fish fed with 0.02% EFO was lower. However, there was no significant difference in GOT and GPT among the groups receiving different levels of EFO.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.1239-1244
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• 2000

In order to investigate the effect of incorporation of thermally processed cereal (maize) grain and differently degradable protein sources in the calf starter, twenty four newly born crossbred $(Bos\;taurus{\times}Bos\;indicus)$ calves were assigned at random to six diets in a $3{\times}2$ factorial design involving three protein sources viz. groundnut meal (GN), cottonseed meal (CS) and meat and bone meal (MB), each along with two differently processed grain, namely ground raw (R) and pressure cooked (P) maize. The corresponding calf starters with green oats (Avena sativa) were given free-choice from 14 d onwards till the end of the 90 d experimental feeding. A restricted milk diet was fed till the age of weaning at 60 d. Total DM intake was not affected by cereal or protein sources. However, daily intake of DM (59.23 vs 66.45 g) and CP (12.38 vs 14.10 g) per kg $W^{0.75}$ was reduced (p<0.05) due to cereal processing. Better (p<0.05) feed and protein efficiencies after weaning and during entire period in calves fed processed maize resulted in a trend of higher $(p{\leq}092)$ growth rate especially when GN was the source of protein. In comparison among protein sources, calves fed MB diets tended to grow faster $(p{\leq}098)$ concurrent with a higher CP intake before weaning. It is thus evident that thermal processing of maize in the calf starter seems to improve calf performance. Moreover, results indicated that feeding of protein and starch sources of matching ruminal degradability may prove beneficial for early growth of crossbred calves.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.581-588
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• 2010

To examine the functional properties of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ascidian tunic extracts in fish, we compared mackerel fed ascidian tunic extract and CLA (CA25) and a control group. The daily growth index of CA25 was 1.92 compared to 1.86 in the control group. The viscerosomatic index of CA25 was 36.7% lower than that of the control group. After 8 weeks, the protein content decreased from 19.7 to 17.5% in the CA25 group. The ascidian tunic extract content in the viscera was much higher than in muscle (0.13 vs. 0.03 mg/100 g) after 8 weeks. At the start, the n-3 fatty acid content of the experimental fish was 25.2% in muscle and 23.7% in viscera. The CLA content in muscle in the CA25 group was 2.1% after 4 weeks and 2.3% after 8 weeks. By contrast, the CLA content in viscera did not change after 8 weeks.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2007

Experiments were conducted with aims to (1) estimate the biomass yield potential, (2) characterize the biomass and digestible dry matter production, and (3) reveal the characteristic seedling establishment of a whole crop rice variety, Nogyangbyeo, in dry- and wet-seeded rice. Maximum aboveground total biomass of Nogyangbyeo was 18 t $ha^{-1}$ in dry-seeded rice and 20 t $ha^{-1}$ in wet-seeded rice. Biomass yield potential of Nogyangbyeo was lower than that of Dasanbyeo. Comparatively, Nogyangbyeo was straw-dependent and Dasanbyeo was grain-dependent for biomass accumulation. Percentage of digestible dry matter (DDM) was higher in panicles than straw. Digestible dry matter yield was determined mainly by biomass yield rather than DDM percentage. Number of seedling establishment in Nogyangbyeo was $73m^{-2}$ in dry-seeded rice and $109m^{-2}$ in wet-seeded rice. Poor seedling establishment of dry-seeded Nogyangbyeo in the field condition was the result of low seed germination under low temperature and poor seedling emergence by deep sowing. Low seedling emergence rate of Nogyangbyeo was attributed mainly to slow elongation growth by slow leaf development and partly to mesocotyl and 1st internode lengths, not to genetically defined leaf length. The slow elongation growth of Nogyangbyeo was the same even in the high daily mean temperature of $24^{\circ}C$. Results suggest DDM yield in rice can be improved simply by increasing biomass and whole crop rice varieties should be adaptable to direct-seeding.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.125-132
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• 2008

Seed production of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus was performed in a pilot RAS. The growth of juvenile olive flounder and changes in water quality were monitored for the entire production period. The pilot RAS consisted of 8 circular culture tanks($4.0mD{\times}1.0mH$), 2 trickling biofilters($1.7mD{\times}2.0mH$), 2 protein skimmers ($0.8mD{\times}2.5mH$), and 4 sedimentation chambers($0.7mD{\times}1.5mH$). The culture surface area was about $100.5m^2$ and the actual working volume was about $106.9m^3$. As many as 300,000 fertilized olive flounder eggs were initially distributed into 2 culture tanks with the water temperature at $19.0^{\circ}C$. Live feeds such as rotifers and Artemia nauplii were fed until the 32nd day after hatching, and a commercial diet was fed from the 19th day to the end of the experiment. After 70 days, 150,256 juveniles with a body length of $65.8{\pm}3.9mm$ were produced in the RAS, with a daily growth rate for body length of 4.7%/day. At this time, the final culture density was 1,495 individuals $m^{-2}$, and 13.6 L of makeup water, 0.071 kW of electricity and 0.025 L of diesel fuel were used to produce a juvenile olive flounder. During metamorphosis of the larvae, the TAN concentration increased to 0.99 mg/L, which made the larvae sensitive to result in some mortality. However no more massive mortality occurred at the juvenile stage after metamorphosis even at a TAN concentration of 4.25 mg/L and a ${NO_2}^{-}-N$ concentration of 2.45 mg/L.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.11 no.6 s.116
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• pp.75-83
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• 1979

In order to evaluate the effect of lipids on the utilization of the energy and protein of the diet, the isocaloric and isoprotein diets added with mutton fat, tallow, and lecithin at the levels of two percent and five percent were prepared. The growth of chicken and the feed efficiency were observed on hatched chicken which were fed a commercial diet for the first week, with starters for the next four weeks, and with finisher diets for the last three weeks respectively during the eight weeks of the experiment. Growth rate, feed efficiency, and average body weight gain per day were similar among the chicken fed diets containing various lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The metabolize energy of the diets was found to be from 2.713 kcal to 3.059 kcal per gram, and the metabolizability of the gross energy was from 62 percent to 70 percent. Also the metabolizability of basal diet was higher as compared with the diets containing lipids. And the lower energy utiliztion was found in the broilers fed diets containing five percent lipids than those of two percent, showing not significant difference between them. Daily matabolizable energy of three week old brids ranged from 0.631 gr to 0.738 gr, which showed an increasing tendency on the birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow in comparison with those of two percent. But the lecithin brought about a reverse tendency. The digestibility of crude fats was found to be from 48 percent to 76 percent, but bot significant difference among diets plus lipids or at the levels of two percent and five percent. The birds fed five percent mutton fat and tallow showed a tendency of lower digestibility as compared with those fed two percent, but the similar results were found between two percent and five percent lecithin fed to the birds. Then, it was tentatively concluded that the effect of the mutton fat on the energy and protein utilization was similar to tallow but resulted different tendency with lecithin.