• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 2012

This study was conducted to monitor 284 pesticides residue level in 2,914 commercial agricultural products in the northern area of Seoul in 2011 by the multi class pesticide multiresidue analysis methods in Korea Food Code using GC, HPLC, GC-MSD and, LC-MSD. The detection rate of pesticide residues were 14.8% (431/2,914). The order of agricultural products in which the pesticide residues were detected was perilla leaves 40.0% (28/70), chamnamul 35.5% (11/31), amaranth 30.0% (3/10) and spinach 27.7% (38/137) etc. The percentage of products that exceeded the MRLs (maximum residue limits) were 1.0% (31/431). Those products that exceeded MRLs were ginseng (6), perilla leaves (4), leek (4), welsh onion (3) and sedeum (3) etc. The 59 kinds of the pesticides were detected on this study, 21 pesticides of them were detected over MRLs. Detection rate of fungicides (56.4%) was higher than that of insecticides (42.1%). And procymidone was detected with considerable high frequency. Additionally, residual residual violates pesticides were in the order of tolclofos-methyl, endosulfan, dimethomorph, diniconazole and fludioxonil. According to the agricultural marketing channels, detection and excess rate of them were monitored. Detection and excess rate of samples circulated in agricultural traditional market were highest. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the pesticides were compared to personal acceptable daily intakes (PADI) in order to risk assessment by food consumption. Diazinon in Korean cabbage showed the highest %ADI, 2.9901 and others showed below 3.0 %ADI. Overall, these results indicate that residue levels of pesticides detected were evaluated as safe.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.217-222
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• 2013

This work was carried out to investigate the performance of large-type Korean native ducks at middle laying phase (30 to 50 weeks). A total of one hundred and sixty eight laying ducks were divided into A and B strains (6 replications/strain, 14 birds/replication and fed practical diet, for 20 weeks). There was no significant difference in body weight, daily feed intake and average egg weight. With increasing rearing period, mean body weight tended to be decreased and showed the lowest value (2,649 g) at 42 weeks of age (P<0.05). Similar trend was observed for weekly feed intake and average egg weight which decreased with passing weeks and was lowest (190.5 g and 83.8 g, respectively) at the age of 42~46 weeks (P<0.05). Daily egg production of B strain was higher than that of A strain at the age of 46~50 weeks (P<0.05). Weekly egg production of A and B strains commenced to decrease from the age of 42 weeks, however, B strain recovered at 46~50 weeks of age (P<0.05). At the age of 30~38 weeks, the egg production in B strain was higher than A strain (P<0.05), whereas, there was no significant difference between both the strains during 38~50 week. Feed conversion ratio of A strain was higher than that of B strain at 46~50 weeks of age (P<0.05). Weekly feed conversion was highest at the age of 42~46 weeks (P<0.05). In conclusion, the present results provides the basic information of the performance record of large-type Korean native ducks for the middle laying phase.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2010

The impact of climate change on rice plants in Gangwon province was examined by comparing the climatic conditions during the recent 10 years (2000~2009) with those of normal (1971~2000) years, and by evaluating the rice plant responses. The daily mean air temperature increased by $0.5^{\circ}C$ while the daily range decreased by $0.1^{\circ}C$ as compared with the normal years. During the main rice growing period in field (from June to September) precipitation increased from 900 to 1,051mm and sunshine hours decreased from 704 to 619 hours. The respiration consumption effect during the rice growing period increased by 0.07 as a result of increased air temperature and reduced sunshine hours. The optimum heading date (determined by the mean air temperature for 40 days after the heading) was delayed in Chuncheon, Hongcheon, Wonju, and Gangneung compared with the normal. The maximum climatic yield potential based on mean temperature and sunshine hours for 40 days after the rice heading decreased by 94 kg/10a mainly due to the decrease in sunshine. The mean air temperature for 40 days after the rice heading from 1999 to 2009 in Chuncheon, Cheorwon, and Gangneung was generally above $22^{\circ}C$ implying that yield and quality of rice can be reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to delay the heading date by planting mid- to late-maturing varieties or by changing the transplanting date in order to produce high quality rice and to maintain rice productivity. In addition, it is also important to develop or select cultivars suitable to changing climate for each region in Gangwon province.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.64-73
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• 2017

Purpose: Excess sodium intake may contribute to the etiology of hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk. World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a daily sodium intake of less than 2 g. The aim of this study was to estimate the association of sodium intake with obesity in Korean adults. Methods: This study used Dietary intake and Health data on 22,321 subjects aged 30 years and over from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2010~2014. Information on dietary intake was obtained by the one day 24-hour recall method in KNHANES, and sodium intake was classified into five groups (< 2,000 mg, 2,000~4,000 mg, 4,000~6,000 mg, 6,000~8,000 mg, ${\geq}8,000mg$). Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) higher than $25kg/m^2$. Intake of sodium and obesity status were analyzed by logistic regression with SPSS Statistics 23. Results: Men tended to have a higher sodium intake than women (p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex, year, daily energy intake, education level, smoking status, drinking status, physical activity, and chronic diseases and comparing the highest sodium intake group (${\geq}8,000mg$) with the lowest intake group (< 2,000 mg), the OR of obesity was 1.351 (95% CI: 1.032~1.767) in men. The OR of obesity in the sodium intake group (4,000~6,000 mg) was 1.232 (95% CI: 1.063~1.427) in women. Conclusion: Our findings suggest an independent relationship between sodium intake and as increased risk of obesity in Korean adults, implying the necessity for future research on low-sodium diet intervention in relation to obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.483-493
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine trends in dietary vitamin E intakes and contributing food groups among Korean adults. Methods: This study included 66,695 subjects aged ${\geq}19years$ who completed a nutrition survey as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998, 2001, 2005, 2007~2009, 2010~2012, 2013~2015). We estimated individual daily intakes of ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, ${\gamma}-$, ${\delta}-tocopherol$, and total vitamin E by linking food consumption data with a vitamin E database of commonly consumed foods. Results: Daily vitamin E intake significantly increased from $6.4mg\;{\alpha}-TE/d$ in 1998 to $7.7mg\;{\alpha}-TE/d$ in 2013~2015 (p for trend < 0.0001) among men as well as from $5.4mg\;{\alpha}-TE/d$ in 1998 to $6.5mg\;{\alpha}-TE/d$ in 2013~2015 among women (p for trend < 0.0001). However, the intake of vitamin E was lower than the adequate intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 (2015 KDRI). In 2013~2015, men consumed 6.5 mg/d of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, 0.5 mg/d of ${\beta}-tocopherol$, 6.0 mg/d of ${\gamma}-tocopherol$, and 3.9 mg/d of ${\delta}-tocopherol$, whereas women consumed 5.7 mg/d of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$, 0.4 mg/d of ${\beta}-tocopherol$, 4.8 mg/d of ${\gamma}-tocopherol$, and 2.8 mg/d of ${\delta}-tocopherol$. The major food groups contributing to vitamin E intake were vegetables (men: 23.3%, women: 22.7%), grains (men: 14.5%, women: 13.9%), and eggs (men: 13.0%, women: 12.5%). Conclusion: This study provides scientific evidence for vitamin E intake in Korean adults. Since the current intake of vitamin E was lower than the reference intakes set by 2015 KDRI, dietary vitamin E intake should be monitored regularly among Korean adults.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.141-145
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• 2014

To assess the health risk for benzo(a)pyrene by the intake of edible oils, 288 cases of edible oils collected from food markets were analysed using the high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. The levels of benzo(a)pyrene were from non-detection to $4.78{\mu}g/kg$, and the average was $0.11{\mu}g/kg$. The chronic daily exposures of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group and consumer-only group were estimated using the food consumption data in the fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey in 2011. The estimated daily intake of benzo(a)pyrene was $4.26{\times}10^{-3}ng/kg$ b.w./day for total population group and $7.64{\times}10^{-3}ng/kg$ b.w./day for consumer-only group. The MOE (margin of exposure) of benzo(a)pyrene for total population group and consumer-only group was $7.28{\times}10^7{\sim}1.74{\times}10^8$ and $3.95{\times}10^7{\sim}9.42{\times}10^7$, respectively. Accordingly, the health risk from benzo(a)pyrene caused by the intake of edible oils was considered as a very low level.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2019

To estimate daily canopy photosynthesis, accurate estimation of canopy light interception according to a daily solar position is needed. However, this process needs a lot of cost, time, manpower, and difficulty when measuring manually. Various modeling approaches have been applied so far, but it was difficult to accurately estimate light interception by conventional methods. The objective of this study is to estimate the spatial distributions of light interception and photosynthetic rate of paprika with time by using 3D-scanned plant models and optical simulation. Structural models of greenhouse paprika were constructed with a portable 3D scanner. To investigate the change in canopy light interception by surrounding plants, the 3D paprika models were arranged at $1{\times}1$ and $9{\times}9$ isotropic forms with a distance of 60 cm between plants. The light interception was obtained by optical simulation, and the photosynthetic rate was calculated by a rectangular hyperbola model. The spatial distributions of canopy light interception of the 3D paprika model showed different patterns with solar altitude at 9:00, 12:00, and 15:00. The total canopy light interception decreased with an increase of surrounding plants like an arrangement of $9{\times}9$, and the decreasing rate was lowest at 12:00. The canopy photosynthetic rate showed a similar tendency with the canopy light interception, but its decreasing rate was lower than that of the light interception due to the saturation of photosynthetic rate of upper leaves of the plants. In this study, by using the 3D-scanned plant model and optical simulation, it was possible to analyze the light interception and photosynthesis of plant canopy under various conditions, and it can be an effective way to estimate accurate light interception and photosynthesis of plants.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.83-94
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• 2014

Gangnam-gu, where the survey of residents' consciousness has been made in this study, is the district shows the highest rate of the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission per unit area except some industrial districts such as Gwangyang, Ulsan, and Pohang. The greenhouse gas emission amount of Gangnam-gu is 4,863,765 $tCO_2$ which accounts for 10 % of the total discharging amount of Seoul, 50,330,356 $tCO_2$, which is ranked the top greenhouse gas emission rate in the commercial category and the 2nd place in the household category. The average recognition rate for the 5 subjects of the global warming phenomenons has indicated to be 83.58%. A survey questioning about the main agent to reduce the greenhouse gas, in all age groups except 20s have replied that it should be done by themselves, the residents of Gangnam-gu. For the question of the role of local government to respond to the climate change, the necessity of establishing infrastructure which is suitable for walking and biking. For the other question about the educational facilities to cope with the climate change, many answered the relevant education should be processed from the middle and high schools. For the practical activities in daily life to respond to the climate change, many replies have shown that the energy and resource conservation has been practiced pretty well broadly, but the ecomileage (former carbon mileage) has not been practiced well. Also, many replies have pointed that there were no benefits or rewards for the people who practiced the eco-mileage in their daily lives, which indicates that a kind of incentive is necessary for the efforts to respond to the climate change from the local government to execute the policy substantially and effectively. This study has the purpose to search the political countermeasures to improve the potentiality to reduce the green house gas emission rate through the residents conscious survey about climate change and the political solution by the local government to improve the certain items which showed the lower awareness rate.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.283-289
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• 2019

This study was performed to monitor the residual pesticides in agricultural products used in school foodservice in the Gwangju metropolitan area. Risk assessment was also carried out based on the amount of agricultural products consumed. A total of 320 agricultural products supplied to schools in Gwangju were analyzed from 2015 to 2017. The pre-treatment and residual pesticide analysis of these products was conducted in accordance with the second method for multi-residue analysis of pesticides in the Korean food code. The hazard index was calculated by dividing the estimated daily intake (EDI) of pesticides by the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The linearity correlation coefficient for the calibration curve was 0.9923 to 1.0000, LOD 0.004 to 0.019 mg/kg, LOQ 0.012 to 0.057 mg/kg, and recovery was 79.1 to 100.2%. Residual pesticides were detected in 18 (5.6%) of 320 agricultural products used for school foodservice, and one sample of sweet potato stem (0.3%) exceeded the maximum residual limit (MRL). The detection frequency for chili peppers and bell peppers was higher than that for other agricultural products. The frequently-detected pesticides were boscalid and acetamiprid. These results showed that residual pesticide management is needed for chili pepper, bell pepper and sweet potato stem among agricultural products supplied to schools. The hazard index of bifenthrin in sweet potato stem showed the highest (64.18%), and the other pesticides were 0.03-8.23%. These results indicated that agricultural products supplied to schools in Gwangju were safe for consumption. To minimize the intake of residual pesticides, it is necessary to not only thoroughly wash agricultural products but to also ensure the expanded supply of products that are pesticide-free.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.95-101
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• 2024

In this study, we investigated the migration level of items specified in the Korean Standards and Specifications for Utensils, Containers, and Packages (Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Notification) for 50 utensils and hygiene products made of biodegradable resins. Our results revealed that one Polylactide (PLA) baby tableware contained 20 mg/L in consumption of potassium permanganate, exceeding the standard of 10 mg/L or less. In all other samples, formaldehyde, lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels could be considered very safe and remained below the standard. Moreover, we tested the PLA baby tablewares (n = 21) for migration into a food simulant (4% v/v acetic acid) upon repeated elution at 100℃ for 30 min or UV irradiation for 2 h. We detected increased formaldehyde and As amounts at the repeated 100℃ treatment for 30 min compared to those upon repeated UV irradiation. However, the migration level was markedly low under both conditions. Furthermore, the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) calculated on an infant-to-child basis from the formaldehyde and As migration at 100℃ for 30 min in the PLA sample was at the maximum value, i.e., 6.0×10^-4 mg/kg b.w./day and 1.3×10^-1 ㎍/kg b.w./day, corresponding to 0.40% and 10.42% of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI, 0.15 mg/kg b.w./day) and Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI, 9.0 ㎍/kg b.w./week), respectively. Therefore, in this study, we confirmed that biodegradable synthetic resins are safe to use for food.