• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.987-992
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• 1998

This study was investigated to observe the cytotoxicity effect of Ligularia fischeri extracts against cancer cell lines including human lung carcinoma(A549), human cervix epitheloid carcinoma(HeLa) and human hepatocellular carcinoma(HepG2) using SRB(sulforhodamine B) method. The ethanol and methanol extracts of 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/${mu}ell$ showed approximately 79.2% and 86.4% cytotoxicity effects on HepG2 cell line and the ethyl acetate fracton fractionated from ethanol extracts showed the strongest cytotoxicity effect with 94% inhibition. The inhibitory effect of ethanol extract on HeLa cell line was somewhat low with 50~56% inhibition, but ethyl acetate fraction showed higher cytotoxicity effect with 91% and 91.9% inhibition on the HeLa and A549 cell line. On the contrary, the ethanol and methanol extracts showed the lower inhibition effects on the normal liver cell, WRL68, compared to human cancer cell lines.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.27 no.1 s.53
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cigarette filter on in vitro cytotoxicity of cigarette mainstream smoke from the cigarette. In this work, we used 3 types of cigarettes included non-filtered 2R4F cigarette, cellulose acetate-filtered 2R4F cigarette, and carbon dual-filtered 2R4F cigarette which was made from original 2R4F by replacing with an acetate filter containing carbon. The cytotoxicity of both the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which was collected in Cambridge filter pad, and the gas/vapor phase (GVP), which was bubbled through in phosphate-buffered saline in a gas-washing bottle, was determined using a neutral red uptake assay with CHO-K1 cells. With regard to cytotoxicity when calculated on an equal puff basis, the cytotoxicity of CSC from the filtered cigarettes was lower than that of the non filtered cigarette. Also, $EC_{50}$ vlaue of GVP from carbon filter cigarette was 40.9 puff/L, indicating the cytotoxicity to be $20\%$ lower than that of the CA filter cigarette. The cytotoxicity of the GVP was correlated to the several vapor phase components (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and MEK). In conclusion, carbon filter, which significantly reduced the amount of carbonyl compounds in mainstream cigarette smoke, results in significant reductions in the cytotoxicity potential of the smoke.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.409-428
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• 1994

Endodontic surgery is performed when conventional endodontic therapy fails or is contraindicated. In such cases, retrograde filling materials including amalgam, composite resin, and various cements have been used. Biocompatibilty and margin sealing ability of retrograde filling materials are important for the long term success of endodontic surgery. In vitro cell culture is frequently used as the method of measuring the biocompatibilty of dental materials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of six kinds of retrograde filling materials including newly developed light curing glass ionomer cements. Each material was mixed according to. the manufacture's instruction and evaluated as : freshly mixed, 24-hour after mixing, and 168-hour after mixing respectively. The elution solution was extracted after 24-hour contact with materials using media. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by direct contact, or elution contact. Test results of radiochromium($^{51}Cr$) release, cell viability using tetrazolium dye (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl dimethyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) test and lactate dehydrogenase(LD) of damaged L929 cells were analyzed. In the $^{51}Cr$ release of direct contact, all experimental retrograde filling materials except amalgam and glass ionomer cement showed increased cytotoxicity compared to control. In the $^{51}Cr$ release of elution solution, the released $^{51}Cr$ was so minimal that it was impossible. to evlauate the cytotoxicity exactly. The elution solutions of glass ionomer cement and IRM showed marked cytotoxicity in MTT test. LD enzyme activity was highest in tests of direct contact with composite, light curing composite, and light curing glass ionomer cement and IRM. Amalgam revealed least cytotoxicity while IRM showed cytotoxicity using all three methods. Composite, light curing composite and light curing glass iomomer cement were cytotoxic in the tests of $^{51}Cr$ release and LD activity. Glass ionomer cement showed cytotoxic effect only in the MTT method. From these results it is suggested that the standardization and optimization of cytotoxicity testing, especially using elution solutions, should be strongly advised.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.477-482
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• 1997

To investigate the cytotoxicity of Korean traditional fermented soybean products using the MTT assay, we extracted soybean, Kanjang, Doenjang, Kochujang, and Chongkukjang with water, methanol, and hexane. Primary testing of cytotoxicity of 14 extracts was done for P388D1(mouse lympoid neoplasm) and L1210(mouse leukemia) cell lines. Doenjang methanol extract, Kochujang hexane extract, Chongkukjang methanol extract, and Chongkukjang hexane extract showed cytotoxicity of 86.1, 94.3, 83. 6, and 81.1%, respectively against P388D1, and showed cytotoxicity of 69.4, 96.9, 51.4, and 95.1%, respectively against L1210. All the other extracts showed less than 50% cytotoxicity. Methanol extracts of Doenjang and Chongkukjang showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity against P388DI, L1210, SNU-16 (human stomach cancer), HepG2(human hepatic cancer), WiDr(human colon cancer) cell lines, and IC$_{50}$ of Doenjang methanol extract was 67.7, 90.4, 1338.0, 706.4, and 371.2 $\mu$g/ml, respectively, and IC$_{50}$ of Chongkukjang methanol extract was 107.1, 228.3, 756.2, 1346.0, and 327.0 $\mu$g/ml, respectively.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2009

In vitro cytotoxicity of 23 alkyl phenols (APs) on human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa) was determined using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) cytotoxicity assay. Two different sets of descriptors were used to construct the calibration model based on Genetic Algorithm-Multiple Linear Regression (GA-MLR) based on the experimental data. A statistically robust Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) model was achieved ($R^2$=95.05%, $Q^2_{LOO}$=91.23%, F=72.02 and SE= 0.046) using three Dragon descriptors based on Me (0D-Constitutional descriptor), BELp8 (2D-Burden eigenvalue descriptor) and HATS8p (3D-GETAWAY descriptor). However, external validation could not fully prove its validity of the selected QSAR in characterization of the cytotoxicity of APs towards HeLa cells. Nevertheless, the cytotoxicity profiles showed a finding that 4-n-octylphenol (4-NOP), 4-tert-octyl-phenol (4-TOP), 4-n-nonylphenol (4-NNP) had a more potent cytotoxic effect than other APs tested, inferring that increased length and molecular bulkiness of the substituent had important influence on the LDH cytotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1997

The present study has been undertaken to characterize availability of citrus as a medicinal plant with antineoplastic property. The crude extracts from 40 species of fruits with 12 species of the local Citrus in Cheju island were evaluated on their potential activities against mouse P388 lymphocytic leukaemia in vitro. The percent cytotoxicity varied from 25.40 to 97.94% at a concentration of $100{\mu}g/mL$. Among 40 spp., 8 species showed high toxicity more than 90% against P388 cells and Cheongkyool(C. nippokoreana) exhibited the most cytotoxicity as 97.94%($IC_{50}=20.2{\mu}g/mL$). Nine varieties of C. junos were showed insiginicant cytotoxicity. In trifoliate orange, immature fruit was stronger than mature and peel extract showed higher cytotoxicity($IC_{50}=18{\mu}g/mL$) than the other tissues. Hexane fraction from methanol(MeOH) extract of trifoliate orange showed highly significant inhibition of cell growth($IC_{50}=3.9{\mu}g/mL$). In addition, its cytotoxicity increased remarkably from 3.95 to $0.40{\mu}g/mL$ as exposure time legthened. Cytotoxic activities of crude extracts were decreased considerably during a six months storage period. It was apparent that there is considerable variation in cytotoxicity, depending upon species, maturity and storage time of extracts. There was no meaningful cytotoxic difference between archicitrus and metacitrus in the genus Citrus.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.270-274
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• 2002

Chromatographic separation of the stem bark extract of Mitragyna stipulosa afforded triterpene derivatives ursolic acid (1), quinovic acid (2), quinivic acid $3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (3, quinovin glycoside C), quinovic acid 3-O-[$(2-O-sulfo)-{\beta}-D-quinovopyranoside$] (4, zygophyloside D) and quinovic acid $3-O-{\beta}-D-quinovopyranosyl-27-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl$ ester (5, zygophyloside B). These five compounds were subjected to the cytotoxicity on MTT assay system. Compound 1 among tested showed the most potent cytotoxicity. Quinovic acid showed less potent cytotoxicity than ursolic acid and sugar linkages to 2 decreased the cytotoxicity. Compound 4 more potent than 3 with indicate that the sulfonyl group significantly enhances the activity. This indicates that the glycosidic linkage in ursane-type triterpenoids has mainly negative effect on cytotoxicity unlike in oleanane-type glycosides.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2007

In order to evaluate on the cytotoxicity of methyl mercury (MM) and antioxidant effect of phenolic compound, poncirin against MM-induced cytotoxicity, XTT assay was performed to determine the cell viability after human skin fibroblasts (Detroit 51) were grown in the media containing various concentrations of methylmercuric chloride (MMC). And also, the antioxidant effect of poncirin on the cytotoxicity induced by MMC was examined by cell viability and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity in these cultures. MMC decreased cell viability in dose-dependent manner in these cultures and the midcytotoxicity value was determined at concentration of 30 ${\mu}M$ MMC after human skin fibroblasts were treated with $10\sim50{\mu}M$ MMC for 72 hours, respectively. MMC was highly toxic on cultured human skin fibroblasts by toxic criteria. MMC-mediated cytotoxicity was related with oxidative stress by the diminution of toxic effect according to the treatment of vitamin E. In the antioxidant effect of poncirin, it showed vitamin E-like DPPH radical scavenging activity at 90 ${\mu}g/ml$ poncirin and also, remarkably increased cell viability compared with MMC-treated group. From these results, it is suggested that MMC-mediated cytoxicity was highly toxic and was related with oxidative stress in cultured human skin fibroblasts, and also phenolic compound such as poncirin showed the protection on MMC-induced cytotoxicity by antioxidant effect in these cultures.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.350-355
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• 2004

Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay is a rapid, sensitive, and inexpensive method for measuring cell proliferation and chemosensitivity. However, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay is generally used to measure cytototoxicity of infectious microorganisms against host cells. In this study, we investigated the possibility of applying the SRB assay to determine cytotoxicity for infectious microorganisms, and compared the results with those obtained by the LDH release assay. We used Vibrio vulnificus as a model of infectious microorganisms. The SRB assay showed that V vulnificus strongly induced cytotoxic activity against human intestinal cells, Caco-2 and INT-407 cells. The degree of cytotoxicity closely correlated with infection time and number ratios of V. vulnificus to intestinal cells (MOI, multiplicity of infection). Furthermore, cytotoxicity values obtained by SRB assay correlated well with results obtained by the LDH release assay, and both assays gave a linear response with respect to MOI Heat-inactivation of V. vulnificus for 35 min at $60^{\circ}C$ did not induce cytotoxic activity, indicating that viability of V. vulnificus is crucial for cytotoxic activity against intestinal cells. Although both assays are suitable as cytotoxicity endpoints, the SRB assay is recommended for measuring cytotoxicity of infectious microorganisms against host cells because of its significantly lower cost and more stable endpoint than the LDH release assay.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.569-577
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• 2012

The physicochemical characteristics and biological activities, including antioxidant activity, antimutagenicity, and cytotoxicity of hot-water extract of fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus, were investigated in this study. Hot-water extract of fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus contained carbohydrate (7.86%), protein (10.91%), and ${\beta}$-glucan (3.62%). Water solubility of hot-water extract was 42.58%. Antioxidant activities of the extract were evaluated by ABTS assay and FRAP assay. The $IC_{50}$ value was 312.21 ${\mu}g/mL$ in ABTS assay. Antimutagenic activity of the extract was evaluated by Ames test. Antimutagenicity of hot-water extract (5 mg/mL) on Salmonella Typhimurium TA100 mutagenated by sodium azide (0.15 ${\mu}g/mg$) was 69.2%. Cytotoxicity of hot-water extract was also evaluated by MTT and SRB assay. The cytotoxicity was highest (83.95%) on Hep3B treated with 2,000 ${\mu}g/mL$ of hot-water extract in SRB assay. Therefore, it is suggested that hot-water extract of fruiting body of Hericium erinaceus has high antioxidant activity, antimutagenicity, and cytotoxicity.