• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 2016

Human hydatid disease (cystic echinococcosis, CE) is a chronic parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. As the disease mainly affects the liver, approximately 70% of all identified CE cases are detected in this organ. Optical molecular imaging (OMI), a noninvasive imaging technique, has never been used in vivo with the specific molecular markers of CE. Thus, we aimed to construct an in vivo fluorescent imaging mouse model of CE to locate and quantify the presence of the parasites within the liver noninvasively. Drug-treated protoscolices were monitored after marking by JC-1 dye in in vitro and in vivo studies. This work describes for the first time the successful construction of an in vivo model of E. granulosus in a small living experimental animal to achieve dynamic monitoring and observation of multiple time points of the infection course. Using this model, we quantified and analyzed labeled protoscolices based on the intensities of their red and green fluorescence. Interestingly, the ratio of red to green fluorescence intensity not only revealed the location of protoscolices but also determined the viability of the parasites in vivo and in vivo tests. The noninvasive imaging model proposed in this work will be further studied for long-term detection and observation and may potentially be widely utilized in susceptibility testing and therapeutic effect evaluation.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.125-130
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• 1995

A 38-year old man visited a private clinic complaining of epigastric discomfort for 2 months A huge hepatic cyst was found by sonography and computerized tomography. An exploratory Laparotomy was performed under the impression of hydatid disease. The cyst was successfully removed. A lot of living protoscolices of Echinocucur Sranulosus were found from the cystic fluid under light microscopy. During the operation, however. the cyst was accidentally ruptured and the cystic fluid spilled out. The patient was medicated with albendazole, and had been well without any signs of anaphylaxis or recurrence for 1 year follow-up period. He had been in Saudi Arabia for 3 years. This is the 16th case of hydatid disease reported in Korea and a case without immediate complication in spite of rupture of the cyst.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.769-775
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• 2016

This retrospective case-control study explored the factors associated with anaphylactic shock during surgery for cystic echinococcosis (CE) at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University between October 2008 and September 2013. Patients who suffered from anaphylactic shock (n=16) were age-matched 3:1 to patients who did not (n=43). Multivariate analysis suggested that IL-4 levels (odds ratio=1.096; 95% confidence interval=1.015-1.185; P=0.02) and cyst size (odds ratio=3.028, 95% confidence interval=1.259-7.283, P=0.013) were independently associated with CE-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and a cut-off value of 415.7 ng/ml, IL-4 showed an area under the ROC (AUC) of 0.926, sensitivity of 75.0%, and specificity of 97.7%. Using a cut-off value of 7.8 cm, cyst size showed an AUC of 0.828, sensitivity of 81.3%, and specificity of 76.7%. In conclusion, results suggest that levels of IL-4 and cyst size were independently associated with echinococcosis-induced perioperative anaphylactic shock. These results could help identifying patients with echinococcosis at risk of anaphylactic shock in whom appropriate prophylaxis could be undertaken.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.429-431
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• 2017

Hydatid cyst is usually located in the liver and lungs, rare cases showing localization in other organs or tissues. In the unusual location, echinococcosis is an excluding diagnosis that is established only after microscopic evaluation. Our first case occurred in a 67-year-old female previously diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis and hospitalized with persistent pain in the hip joint. The clinical diagnosis was tuberculosis of the joint, but the presence of the specific acellular membrane indicated a hydatid cyst of the synovial membrane, without bone involvement. Fewer than 25 cases of joint hydatidosis have been reported in literature to date. In the second case, the intramural hydatid cyst was incidentally discovered at autopsy, in the left heart ventricle of a 52-year-old male hospitalized for a fatal brain hemorrhage, as a result of rupture of an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. The conclusion of our paper is that echinococcosis should be taken into account for the differential diagnosis of cystic lesions, independently from their location.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.785-788
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• 2015

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a major public health problem worldwide, including Turkey. The aim of the current study was to identify the strains and to estimate the potential risk factors of E. granulosus in operated pediatric cases in eastern Turkey. Ten pediatric patients (7 boys and 3 girls) living in rural areas, with ages ranging from 3 to 15 years old and various clinical histories, were included in this study. Eight patients had only liver hydatid cyst, while 1 patient had liver and lung hydatid cyst and the other liver, lung, and spleen, together. There were 2 ruptured liver cysts. After surgery, during follow-up, no increase was observed in hemagglutination levels, there were no mortalities, and there was no evidence of recurrence at 2 years post operation in all patients. Molecular analysis was performed on hydatid cyst samples obtained from the 10 pediatric cases. According to mt-12S rRNA PCR results, all cases were found to be G1/G3 cluster of E. granulosus sensu stricto.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.527-531
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• 2008

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infection that is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is distributed worldwide, but it is rare in Korea. A 34-year old foreign male worker from Mongolia presented with cough and chest discomfort. Computed tomography of. the chest showed a cystic mass in the upper lobe of the right lung. The cyst was surgically resected, and the pathological study confirmed a hydatid cyst. The patient was given albendazole postoperatively to prevent a relapse. We report here on a surgical case of pulmonary hydatid disease along with a review of the literature.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.131-140
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• 1989

Sera from confirmed patients of 5 hydatidosis, 67 neurocysticercosis and 89 other parasitic diseases were tested for specific antibody (IgG) levels by ELISA to cystic quid antigens from metacestodes of Echinococcus granuzosus (HF) and Taenia sodium (CF). All hydatidosis sera reacted positively to both HF and CF while neuro- cysticercosis sera did in 49.3% to HF and 85.1% to CF, The frequencies of cross- reactions were lower in other parasitic diseases to both antigens, By SDS-PAGE, protein bands of 64, 35, 22 and 7 kilodaltons (kDa) were found common in HF and CF. SDS-PAGE/immunoblot exhibited that hl·datidosis sera reacted crossly to CF at 135, 110, 100, 86, 64, 45, 39, 35 and 24 kDa bands while neurocysticercosis sera did to HF at 135, 100, 86, 64, 52, 39, 35, 29 and 24 kDa bands. These results indicated that protein bands of 135, 100, 86, 64, 39, 35 and 24 kDa were major common components in HF and CF. Protein bands of 7 kDa in HF and 15, 10 and 7 kDa in CF did not react crossly and were specific components in respective antigens.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 1992

When cystic fluid of Taenia solium metacestodes (CF) was filtrated through Sephacryl S-300 Superfine, major proteins were in fractions III add IV Major protein in fraction III was Band C protein of 150 kDa and that in fraction IV was Band N protein (Choi et of., 1990). When CF was electrophoresed in 0.9% agarose gel and reacted with anti-CF rabbit serum (RACF), two main bands, a long outer and a short inner band, were precipitated, together with 8 minor bands. RACF reacted with fraction III forming the long outer band whereas RACF formed the short infer band with fraction IV in immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) The long outer precipitin band of CF fraction III was similar to antigen B in hydatid fluid (HF) of Oriol et at. (1971), while the short inner band of CF fraction IV was similar to HF antigen 5 of Caption et at. (1967) . When HF was reacted with RACF, the short inner band was immunoprecipitated without forming the long outer band. Common antigenicity between CF and HF seemed to exist in fraction IV rather than in fraction III of CF. Patient sera of neurocysticercosis reacted more frequently with fraction III than with fraction IV.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.453-459
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• 2013

Although Serbia is recognized as an endemic country for echinococcosis, no information about precise incidence in humans has been available. The aim of this study was to investigate the skeletal manifestations of hydatid disease in Serbia. This retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the medical database of Institute for Pathology (Faculty of Medicine in Belgrade), a reference institution for bone pathology in Serbia. We reported a total of 41 patients with bone cystic echinococcosis (CE) during the study period. The mean age of 41 patients was $40.9{\pm}18.8$ years. In 39% of patients, the fracture line was the only visible radiological sign, followed by cyst and tumefaction. The spine was the most commonly involved skeletal site (55.8%), followed by the femur (18.6%), pelvis (13.9%), humerus (7.0%), rib (2.3%), and tibia (2.3%). Pain was the symptom in 41.5% of patients, while some patients demonstrated complications such as paraplegia (22.0%), pathologic fracture (48.8%), and scoliosis (9.8%). The pathological fracture most frequently affected the spine (75.0%) followed by the femur (20.0%) and tibia (5.0%). However, 19.5% of patients didn't develop any complication or symptom. In this study, we showed that bone CE is not uncommon in Serbian population. As reported in the literature, therapy of bone CE is controversial and its results are poor. In order to improve the therapy outcome, early diagnosis, before symptoms and complications occur, can be contributive.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.209-216
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• 2019

Objective : Hydatid cyst disease is caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. It is rarely seen in the vertebral system, occurring at a rate of 0.2-1%. The aim of this study is to present 12 spinal hydatid cyst cases, and propose a new type of drainage of the cyst. Methods : Twelve cases of spinal hydatid cysts, surgical operations, multiple operations, chronic recurrences, and spinal hydatic cyst excision methods are discussed in the context of the literature. Patients are operated between 2005 and 2016. All the patients are kept under routine follow up. Patient demographic data and clinicopathologic characteristics are examined. Results : Six male and six female patients with a median age of 38.6 at the time of surgery were included in the study. Spinal cyst hydatid infection sites were one odontoid, one cervical, five thoracic, two lumbar, and three sacral. In all cases, surgery was performed, with the aim of total excision of the cyst, decompression of the spinal cord, and if necessary, stabilization of the spinal column. Mean follow up was 61.3 months (10-156). All the patients were prescribed Albendazole. Three patients had secondary hydatid cyst infection (one lung and two hepatic). Conclusion : The two-way drainage catheter placed inside a cyst provides post-operative chlorhexidine washing inside the cavity. Although a spinal hydatid cyst is a benign pathology and seen rarely, it is extremely difficult to achieve a real cure for patients with this disease. Treatment modalities should be aggressive and include total excision of cyst without rupture, decompression of spinal cord, flushing of the area with scolicidal drugs, and ensuring spinal stabilization. After the operation the patients should be kept under routine follow up. Radiological and clinical examinations are useful in spotting a recurrence.