• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.191-198
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• 2017

잣나무 잎 추출물에 대해 염증인자인 hyaluronidase 저해효과를 측정한 결과 ethanol 추출물에서 물추출물에 비해 상대적으로 더 높은 HAase 저해효과를 보여주었으며, $50-200{\mu}g/mL$ phenolic 농도에서 13.2-29.5%의 저해효과를 나타내었다. 잣나무잎 추출물을 Raw 264.7 cell에 농도별로 처리하여 생성되는 NO량을 측정한 결과 LPS처리군은 LPS 무처리군에 비하여 3배에 가까운 NO발현을 나타내었으며, 농도 의존적으로 NO발현을 억제하였다. LPS에 의해서 생성된 $PGE_2$의 생성억제 효과를 측정한 결과 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 처리농도에서 ethanol 추출물이 26.2%의 저해율을 나타내었다. NO 생성 억제기작에 관한 iNOS 단백질의 발현량을 측정한 결과 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 농도에서 40%의 높은 억제효과를 나타내었으며, 농도 의존적으로 감소하는 경향을 관찰 할 수 있었다. LPS 처리시 또 다른 염증인자인 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 측정한 결과 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 처리 농도에서 64%의 저해효과를 나타내었다. 잣나무잎 추출물이 Raw 264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해서 생성되는 $TNF-{\cdot}$, IL-6의 생성억제 효과를 측정한 결과 $25{\mu}g/mL$의 처리농도에서 각각 61.7, 62%의 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 잣나무잎 추출물은 염증억제를 위한 천연 기능성 소재로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2008

Glehnia littoralis (Umbelliferae) is the medicinal plant used traditionally for treatment of immune-related diseases. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide (NO) have been implicated as important mediators in the processes of inflammation and carcinogenesis. For understanding the mechanisms for pharmacological activities of Glehnia littoralis, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of Glehnia littoralis on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and NO production in mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that the extract of Glehnia littoralis inhibited LPS- induced $PGE_2$ production effectively, but not NO. Additional study revealed that the extract of Glehnia littoralis suppressed cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in a dose-dependent manner. Present study suggests that Glehnia littoralis may have anti-inflammatory and/or cancer chemopreventive activity through the inhibition of $PGE_2$ production by the suppression of COX-2 activity.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.243-259
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• 1993

The bone resorbing activity of $PGE_2$ and elevated level of prostaglandins(PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs) in inflamed gingiva which are cyclooxygenase(C) metabolites have been well documented. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAIDs) have been known to suppress gingival inflammation and bone resorption through the specific inhibitory action on the C pathway thereby decrease of various C metabolites. Recent studies provide unequivocal results that gingival tissue metabolizes arachidonic acid(AA) mainly through lipoxygenase(L) pathway. And the results of our previous experiments suggest that indomethacin may have inhibitory action on L as well as C. Thus we started this study to show the influences of several C inhibitors on the L activity at therapeutic and toxic dosage. Periodontal tissue samples were obtained from patients with advanced periodontitis and incubated with $^{14}C-AA(0.2{\mu}Ci)$ and various enzyme inhibitors. The tissue lipid extracts were separated by means of thin layer chromatography(TLC) and analyzed by means of autoradiography and TLC analyzer. Our results showed that aspirin inhibited C more selectively than L, however at higher concentration it also decreased HETEs production significantly. Indomethacin showed dose-dependent inhibition of L as well as C and all of the L metabolites were decreased to the same degree by high concentration of indomethacin. AA-861, which is an experimental tool of selective L inhibitor, showed inhibition of HETEs production but no effect on the production of $TXB_2$, PGs and $LTB_4$. Various propionic acid derivatives NSAIDs(ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, naproxen) showed the same patterns of effect on AA metabolism each other that was profound inhibition of PGs production, to the less degree HETEs and $TXB_2$ production, and of no effect on the $LTB_4$ production.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1683-1688
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• 2008

Lactobacillus casei 3260 (L. casei 3260) was evaluated in relation to the inflammatory response mediated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ (NF-${\kappa}B$) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Raw264.7 macrophage cells. The treatment of Raw264.7 cells with L. casei 3260 significantly inhibited the secretion of tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$) and prostaglandins $E_{2}\;(PGE_{2})$, followed by suppression of COX-2. To clarify the molecular mechanism, the inhibitory effect of L. casei 3260 on the NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway was examined based on the luciferase reporter activity. Although the treatment of Raw264.7 cells with L. casei 3260 did not affect the transcriptional activity of NF-${\kappa}B$, it did inhibit NF-${\kappa}B$ activation, as determined by the cytosolic p65 release and degradation of I-${\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Therefore, these findings suggest that the suppression of COX-2 through inhibiting the NF-${\kappa}B$ activation by LPS may be associated with the antiinflammatory effects of L. casei 3260 on Raw264.7 cells.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.264-269
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• 2007

Root extracts of Angelica gigas and A. acutiloba have been used traditionally for the treatment of gynecological diseases, as well as anemia, blood stasis, and inflammatory pain, as blood tonics in Oriental medicine. In the present study, we investigated the effects of A. gigas and A. acutiloba on inflammatory mediators in mouse macrophages and compared their activities. Many studies suggest that prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) biosynthesis and nitric oxide (NO) production play important roles in the processes of both inflammation and carcinogenesis. Ethanolic extracts from the roots of both species exhibited significant inhibitory effects on $PGE_2$ generation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In particular, the extract from A. gigas was more effective than that from A. acutiloba. Although neither inhibited NO generation, the extract from A. acutiloba stimulated NO generation. Our results suggest that the roots of A. gigas might possess more anti-inflammatory and/or cancer chemopreventative activity than that of A. acutiloba due to the suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2)-mediated $PGE_2$ production. In addition, A. acutiloba might exert anti-tumor activity through an increase in macrophage-produced NO.

• 약학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2003

Arachidonic acid (AA), which is stored in membrane glycerophospholipids, is liberated by phospholipase $A_2$ (PLA$_2$) enzymes and is sequentially converted to cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs) then to various bioactive PGs, and LTs. In order to find the specific inhibitors of AA metabolism especially PLA$_2$, COX-2, 5-LO and lyso PAF acetyltransferase, 120 Korean residential plants extracts were evaluated for their inhibitory activity on PGD$_2$, LTC$_4$ production from cytokine-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and arachidonic acid released from phospholipid and PAF production from lyso PAF. From this screening procedure, methanol extract of ten indigenous plant such as Salix gracilistyla, Sedum kamtschaticum, Cirsium chanroenicum, Hypericum ascyron, Astilbe chinensis, Agrimonia pilosa, Aristolochia manshuriensis, Vodia daniellii, Pyrola japonica, Styrax obassia were found to inhibit production of inflammatory mediators in vitro assay system.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.35-40
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• 2015

Objectives : Zizyphus jujube (ZJ) has been used as a traditional medicine for various diseases. However, the inhibitory effect of ZJ on intestinal inflammation has not been fully understood, yet. The aim of this study is to investigate anti-colitis activity of ZJ in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model. Methods : To investigate the protective effects of ZJ,the colitis mice were induced by drinking water containing 5% DSS for 7 days. Mice were randomized into groups receiving ZJ (500 mg/kg), sulfasalazine (SFZ) (150 mg/kg) as a positive control, or water as a negative control. We assayed the effects of ZJ on DSS-induced the clinical signs, measuring weight loss, colon length and disease activity index (DAI). Additionally, to find a possible explanation for the anti-inflammatory effects of ZJ, we evaluated the effects of ZJ on the production of prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in colitis tissue. Results : The results showed that mice treated with DSS showed considerable clinical signs, including weight loss, and reduced colon length. However, administration of ZJ significantly reduced the weight loss, shortens colon length, and improved DAI as clinical symptoms. Moreover, ZJ inhibited the $PGE_2$ production and COX-2 expression levels in DSS-treated colon tissues. Conclusions : Collectively, the findings of this study provide us with novel insights into the pharmacological actions of ZJ as a potential molecule for use in the treatment of intestinal inflammation including ulcerative colitis.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.86-113
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• 2018

Objectives: We examined the effects of a mixed formula consisting of dried pomegranate concentrate powder (PCP) and the aqueous extracts of Eucommiae cortex (EC) and Achyranthis radix (AR) in rats with surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA). Methods: Two weeks after OA-inducing surgery, a PCP:EC:AR 5:4:1 (g/g) combination or single formula was orally administered. Changes in body weight, knee thickness, maximum knee extension angle, bone mineral density of the knee joints, femoral and tibial articular surfaces, and compressive strength of the femoral and tibial articular cartilage (AC) were assessed, along with the prostaglandin E2 level, 5-lipoxygenase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 activity, and chondrogenic gene mRNA expression in the femoral and tibial AC with the synovial membrane (SM). In addition, the number of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, cyclooxygenase and tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$-immunoreactive cells in the femoral and tibial AC with SM were monitored, and the rate of cell proliferation was determined with a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake assay. Results : The signs of surgically induced OA in rats were significantly inhibited by both PCP, EC and AR combined and single formulas. In particular, the combination formula-treated OA model rats showed dose-dependent, significantly increased inhibitory activity against all tested criteria compared with single formula-treated rats. Conclusions: Taken together, our results suggest that the combination formula synergistically increased the anti-OA effects of its components through anti-inflammatory and chondrogenic activity in rats with surgically induced OA. In addition, 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg combination formula treatments showed dose-dependent inhibitory activity against all of the tested criteria.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.310-320
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• 2017

Ginseng has been widely used for traditional medicine in eastern Asia and is known to have inhibitory effects on cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as thrombosis, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Because, platelet is a crucial mediator of CVD, many studies are focusing on inhibitory mechanism of platelet functions. Among platelet activating molecules, thromboxane $A_2$ ($TXA_2$) and P-selectin play a central role in CVD. $TXA_2$ leads to intracellular signaling cascades and P-selectin plays an important role in platelet-neutrophil and platelet-monocyte interactions leading to the inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory mechanisms of total saponin fraction from Korean red ginseng (KRG-TS) on $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression. Thrombin-elevated $TXA_2$ production and arachidonic acid release were decreased by KRG-TS dose (25 to $150{\mu}g/mL$)-dependently via down regulation of microsomal cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), $TXA_2$ synthase (TXAS) activity and dephosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase $A_2$ ($cPLA_2$). In addition, KRG-TS suppressed thrombin-activated P-selectin expression, an indicator of granule release via dephosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Taken together, we revealed that KRG-TS is a beneficial novel compound inhibiting $TXA_2$ production and P-selectin expression, which may prevent platelet aggregation-mediated thrombotic disease.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.348-352
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• 2007

한국인이 상용하는 식물성 식품 30종의 에탄올 추출물을 이용하여 $sPLA_{2}$, COX-1, COX-2, 12-LOX 의 활성 억제 효과를 측정하여 식물 추출물이 염증 효소계에 미치는 영향을 포괄적으로 평가하였다. 그 결과 모든 식물 추출물은 적어도 한 개 이상의 염증 관련 효소의 활성을 저해하였다. 몇 가지 두류와 숙주나물, 일부 잎채소는 염증반응의 상위 단계 효소인 $sPLA_{2}$의 활성을 저해하였으며, 12-LOX 활성은 발아나물인 콩나물과 숙주나물에 의해서만 특이적으로 저해되었다. 대부분의 식품들은 COX-1과 COX-2 활성을 동시에 저해하였고, 미나리와 비름만이 COX-1 활성 저해 없이 COX-2만을 선택적으로 저해하였다. 모든 두류 유래식품과 식물 뿌리류는 COX-2에만 선택적이지는 않았으나, COX-1보다 더 낮은 농도에서 COX-2 활성을 억제하였다. 여러 식품들 중 염증반응의 상위단계 효소인 $sPLA_{2}$ 활성을 억제하는 일부 두류와 잎채소류 및 숙주나물은 염증 초기에 작용하여 염증 반응의 발전을 차단하는데 도움을 줄 수 있을 것으로 보인다. 특히, 녹두는 비교적 낮은 $IC_{50}$ 값을 보이며 $sPLA_{2}$와 COX-2를 효과적으로 저해하는 것으로 나타나 염증반응의 여러 단계에서 항염 효과를 나타낼 수 있는 유용한 식품으로 판단된다. 또한 각각의 염증 관련 효소에 대한 억제 능력이 크지는 않았지만, 염증 반응의 초기 및 후기 단계의 모든 효소를 저해 하였던 숙주나물과 12-LOX 및 COX-2를 동시에 저해한 콩나물도 여러 염증 효소를 복합적으로 억제시킴으로써 항염능을 나타낼 수 있다는 점에 주목 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구 결과 식물성 식품에 의한 염증 완화 및 예방 효과는 각기 다른 염증 효소의 활성을 다양한 정도로 저해함으로써 발현됨을 알 수 있다. 밝혀졌으며 제2형 당뇨모델인 $KK-A^{y}$ 마우스를 이용한 동물실험에서도 뚜렷한 혈당강하효과를 나타내어 인슐린 민감성 제재로 개발 할 수 있는 가능성을 보여 주었다.균은 $0.9{\sim}2.6%$이었으며, 8종류 약제에 저항성인 균도 1.7%있었다. 이상의 결과로 국내에서 분리된 M. pneumoniae 균주는 적게는 1-4 종류의 항생제에, 많게는 5-8 종류의 항생제에 저항성인 균주가 있으므로 마이코플라스마폐렴 환자를 치료할때는 macrolide계나 quinolone계의 항생제 선택에 신중을 기하여야 하며, 가급적이면 항생제 감수성 검사를 실시하여 적절한 항생제를 선택함으로써 저항성균의 출현율을 줄일 수 있고 효율적인 치료도 할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것으로 생각된다.이어트에도 도움이 되리라 생각한다. 56.3%, 엽산 81.3% 등으로 높게 나타나 근로자들의 영양 문제가 심각함을 알 수 있다.혁신지방분권위원회에서 제시한 자치경찰제도(안)을 중심으로 자치경찰제도 운용의 목적 충족과 실질적인 효과의 측면에서 분석하고 바람직한 자치경찰제도의 운용에 대해 살펴본다.rc}C$ 이내에서 높을수록, 염분은 20-35 psu 이내에서 높을수록 잠입률이 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 교수학습모형에 관련된 지식을 묻는 내용으로 주로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 특정 교수학습모형의 이론적 토대가 되고 전체적인 교수설계를 하기 위한 기본 바탕이 될 수 있는 교수학습이론에 관한 내용, 또한 현재가정과교육에 있어서 유용한 교수학습법이라고 입증되고 있는 실천적 추론 가정과 수업에 관한 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다. 가정과교육평가 문항의 출제는 대다수의 문항이 수행평가에 관한 문항내용으로 출제되었다. 이에 구체적인 개선방안으로 문항의 변별도 여부의 판단, 평가문항의 내용 타당도 분석, 평가결과를 해석하는 능력, 평가자의 철학적 관점과 같은 내용으로의 확대를 제안하였다.