• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권8호
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• pp.1242-1251
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• 2020

Objective: The 3×3 factorial arrangement was used to investigate if either high water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) cultivars or suitable time of day that the grass cut could improve nutrient values and in vitro fermentation characteristics. Methods: The 3 cultivars were mowed at 3 diurnal time points and included a benchmark WSC ryegrass cultivar 'Premium', and 2 high WSC cultivars AberAvon and AberMagic, which contained, on average, 157, 173, and 193 g/kg dry matter (DM) of WSC, and 36.0, 36.5, and 34.1 g/kg DM of N during 7th regrowth stage, respectively. The fermentation jars were run at 39℃ with gas production recorded and sampled at 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 22, 28, 36, and 48 h. The rumen liquid was collected from 3 rumen fistulated cows grazing on ryegrass pasture. Results: High WSC cultivars had significantly greater WSC content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and total gas production (TGP), and lower lag time than Premium cultivar. Methane production for AberMagic cultivar containing lower N concentration was marginally lower than that for AberAvon and Premium cultivars. Grass cut at Noon or PM contained greater WSC concentration, IVDMD and TGP, and lower N and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents, but CH₄ production was also increased, compared to grass cut in AM. Meanwhile, the effects of diurnal cutting time were influenced by cultivars, such as in vitro CH₄ production for AberMagic was not affected by cutting time. The IVDMD and gas production per unit of DM incubated were positively related to WSC concentration, WSC/N and WSC/NDF, respectively, and negatively related to N and NDF concentrations. Conclusion: These results imply either grass cut in Noon or PM or high WSC cultivars could improve nutrient values, IVDMD and in vitro TGP, and that AberMagic cultivar has a slightly lower CH₄ production compared to AberAvon and Premium. Further study is necessary to determine whether the increase of CH₄ production response incurred by shifting from AM cutting to Noon and/or PM cutting could be compensated for by high daily gain from increased WSC concentration and DM digestibility.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.697-701
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• 1998

In order to improve silage quality and utilization of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.) by goats, the grass was ensiled with molasses (MOL) and/or defatted rice bran (DRB). Napier grass was harvested at the growing stage in July and cut into 3 cm length. The grass was mixed with 4% MOL and/or 15% DRB, ensiled 15 kg each into plastic bags and stored for 9 months. Dry matter content of the silage ensiled with MOL (MOL-silage) was 13.4%, but increased to 20% with DRB addition. The addition of MOL decreased pH value and ammonia nitrogen content, but increased lactic acid content. MOL-silage contained about 6% spoilage, but addition of DRB decreased spoilage to less than 1%. Goats were fed the silage at a level of 2.25% (DM basis) of their body weight. Goats fed DRB- or MOL/DRB-silages maintained nitrogen retention, but goats fed MOL-silage did not. The rumen fluid of goats fed DRB-silage tended to be higher in acetic acid and lower in propionic acid than those fed the other silages. Ammonia in the rumen fluids, urea nitrogen in the blood and the urinary nitrogen excretion were the lowest in goats fed MOL/DRB-silage. As the result, the ratio of retained nitrogen to nitrogen intake was the highest in goats fed MOL/DRB-silage. In conclusion, addition of DRB to napier grass increased DM of silage and decreased the volume of spoilage. The combination of MOL and DRB can improve the fermentation quality and thus enhance the utilization of the silage by goats, more than the MOL or DRB being as a single treatment.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.176-179
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• 1985

본(本) 시험(試驗)은 예취시기(刈取時期)를 달리하여 조제(調製)한 silage를 이용(利用)하여 예취시기(刈取時期)와 섭취량(攝取量)이 소화율(消化率)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 대하여 검토(檢討)하였다. 목초(牧草)는 6월(月) 4일(日)(영양생장기(營養生長期)), 조기예취(早期刈取)과 6월(月) 30일(日)(출수기(出穗期), 만기예취(晩期刈取)에 예취(刈取)된 1 번초(番草)로 silage를 조제(調製)하였으며, 이 silage는 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식(自由採食)의 수준(水準)으로 면양에서 급여하였다. 예취시기(刈取時期)가 늦어짐에 따라, silage의 조단백질(粗蛋白質) 및 조지방함량(粗脂肪含量)은 감소(減少)하였고, 섬유질함량(纖維質含量)은 증가(增加)하였다. 건물섭취량(乾物攝取量)은 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)와 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구간(區間)에는 유의차(有意差) (P<0.01)가 인정되었다. 조기예취(早期刈取) silage구(區)에서, 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)의 건물소화율(乾物消化率)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 없었으나, 배양상태(排養狀態)를 고려(考慮)하지 않은 무제한급여(無制限給與)에서는 현저하게 감소(減少)하였으며, hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)(P<0.05)을 제외(除外)한 성분(成分)에서는 유의차(有意差)가 인정(認定)되지 않았다. 한편, 만기예취(晩期刈取) silage 구(區)에서 제한급여(制限給與)와 자유채식간(自由採食間)에는 조단백질(粗蛋白質), NDF 및 hemicellulose 소화율(消化率)에서 유의차(有意差)(P<0.05)가 있었다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)로부터 예취시기(刈取時期)가 다른 목초(牧草)의 소화율(消化率)은 급여수준(給與水準)에 따라 달라지게 되므로, 조사료(粗飼料)의 사료가치(飼料價値)를 평가(評價)함에 있어서는 급여수준(給與水準)과 소화율(消化率)과의 관계를 주의깊게 고려해야 할 것이다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제60권4호
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• pp.16.1-16.11
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• 2018

Background: In their first days of life, dairy calves in artificial rearing systems often have difficulty using an artificial teat for feeding. Methods: We examined the age at which calves are able to stand up voluntarily and suckle as well as their suckling behavior when presented with a plain dry teat versus a dry teat modified with a presumably attractive odor or taste substance. Single-housed newborn dairy calves (n = 51) were presented for ten consecutive days with a two-minute two-choice test, in which suckling time was recorded for 1) a plain (control) teat versus a glucose-coated teat (taste test) and 2) a plain teat versus a teat with a "Freshly Cut Grass" odor (odor test). Results: On average, the calves were able to stand up voluntarily and suckle from the second or third day of age on. The "Freshly Cut Grass" odor had no significant effect on their suckling behavior. In contrast, the calves showed a significant preference for suckling the glucose-coated teat and displayed a significantly longer total suckling time in the taste test compared to the odor test. There were no significant differences between sexes regarding suckling behavior. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that glucose had a significant effect on the calves' teat preference and significantly increased total suckling time with a dry artificial teat. As such, glucose may increase suckling motivation in non-efficient drinkers or ill calves with low motivation to suckle.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.411-419
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• 2009

This study was carried out to develop a shredding-burying machine for application of gramineae green manure crops that were tall and had high biomass yield such as sudan grass and rye. We made a prototype to operate both shredding and burying concurrently to attach at middle-sized tractors. Field tests were performed with the prototype to treat rye and sudan grass. The test results showed that the average cutting length became shorter and the quantity of entwined stem became obviously decreased when the PTO shaft speed was fast and running speed was slow. Also, We found, when the cut stem length became shorter, the burying ratio became more increasing and the PTO power requirement became more decreasing. Working efficiency of the prototype was better than conventional Rotary. The test results for treating rye/sudan grass with prototype showed that average cutting length was 21.2/22.5 cm and burying ratio was 98.4/98.1% when the PTO shaft speed was 1,000/1,000 rpm and running speed was 0.25/0.17 m/s. Also, the working performance of the prototype was 0.79 and 1.14 h/10 a for rye and sudan grass, respectively. Finally, we found that the prototype of shredding-burying machine was better for labor than conventional method that required at least 3 times bigger tractor.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.609-617
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate ecological indicators of forest degradation after forest fire and clear-cutting in the Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) stand of Mongolia. The species abundance and biodiversity indices were higher in burned and clear-cut stands than those of reference stand, but boreal understory species, such as Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Pyrola incarnata, Linnea borealis and Maianthemum bifolium, completely disappeared and was replaced by sedge species, such as Carex duriuscula, C. lanceolata, C. pediformis, Poa attenuata and P. pratensis. During the research period, temperature increased by an average of $1.6^{\circ}C$ in burned stand and $1.7^{\circ}C$ in clear-cut stand compared to reference stand, but RH sharply decreased up to 15.7% in clear-cut stand. This result indicates that Larix sibirica stand became warmer and drier after forest fire and clear-cutting, and contributed to the abundance of sedge and grass species in the understory. Moreover, intense occupation of tall sedge grass after forest fire and clear-cutting had a vital role as obstacle on natural regeneration of Larix sibirica. The similarity of species composition between reference and burned stands was higher (73.6%) than between reference and clear-cut stands (63.8%). Soil moisture significantly decreased after forest fire and clear-cutting, and the extent of decrease was more severe in the clear-cut stand. The chemical properties at soil organic layer were significantly affected by forest fire and clear-cutting but not the mineral horizons. Inorganic nitrogen of the forest floor significantly decreased in the clear-cut stand ($1.1{\pm}0.4mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) than that of the burned ($4.5{\pm}2.3mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$) and reference stands ($5.0{\pm}2.3mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$). Available P of the forest floor significantly increased after fire, whereas it decreased after clear-cutting. These results indicate that existence of boreal understory vegetation, and changes in soil moisture and available P are distinct attributes applicable as ecological indicators for identifying forest degradation in Mongolia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.199-202
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• 1996

The effect of feeding freshly-cut common grasses on growth performance of Black Bengal goats during the pre-monsoon and pre-dry season was evaluated. Four castrated goats of 5-6 months age with a mean initial body weight were 11.17 and 10.23 kg for pre-monsoon and pre-dry season respectively, were used as experimental animal. Nutrient during the pre-monsoon season contained higher nitrogen(15.6g/kg) and less DM(196.8g/kg) than the grass harvested in pre-dry season where nitrogen was 12.8 g/kg and DM was 454.9 g/kg. Intake of DM, OM, N and NDF were 73.12 g, 67.12 g, 964.68 mg and 50.14 g/kg $W^{0.75}$ respectively in pre-monsoon were higher than those in pre-dry season at p<0.01 level of significance. Higher(p<0.01) growth(35.71 g/day) rate was found in pre-monsoon season. It may concluded that grasses grown during the pre-monsoon season was higher nitrogen value and appeared to be more palatable.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2005

This experiment was conducted to study on application of several Korean native plants by seed spray methods for cut slope revegetation, and possibility of replacement almost imported tall fescue seeds by native herbaceous plants. So, we investigated growth and covering rate after sowing native plants seeds at the artificial slope plots in Suwon and the rock exposed cut-slopes in Wonju city. Emergence rate after seed spray at artificial slopes were higher Elsholtzia splendens and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus, showing the highest in E. splendens. Also, E. splendens, D. superbus var. longicalycinus, and Agrostemma coronaria were possible to use for seed spray at the rock exposed cut-slopes. The plots of mixed native plants show more seasonal scenery than that of tall fescue. Soil surface run-off by Typhoon was less in plot sown native plants than those of lawn grass, resulting fresh weight of roots was heavier. Thus, we found that the mixed seed spray of several native herbaceous plants, E. splendens, D. superbus var. longicalycinus, and Agrostemma coronaria, were well covered the slopes as tall fescue.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.84-89
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• 1985

1. Alfalfa의 조단백질(粗蛋白質)은 채취시기가 경과함에 따라 1회(回) 19.64%에서 4회(回) 12.37%로 낮아졌으며, 조섬유, CWC, Cellulose도 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. Orchard grass도 조단백질(粗蛋白質)은 1회(回) 13.79%에서 2,3회(回) 12.97, 12.85%로 낮아졌으며 4회(回) 14.72%로 다소 상승하였다. 그밖에 조섬유, CWC는 채취시기가 진행됨에 따라 낮아졌으며 Cellulose는 시기에 다소 증가하였으나 그후 감소하였다. 2. Alfalfa와 Orchard grass의 DM과 Cellulose 소화율(消化率) Alfalfa의 채취시기별 DM 소화율은 1, 2, 3회(回) 51.80, 51.86, 52.92%로 별반 차이가 없었으나 4회(回) 59.52%로 가장 높았고 점차적으로 채취시기가 경과함으로써 증가하는 경향을 보였다. Cellulose 소화율은 3회(回) 시기에 감소하였다가 4회(回)에 약간 상승하였다. Orchard grass의 DM소화율은 1,2,3,4회(回)에 62.21, 66.10, 60.95, 66.32%로 2회(回) 채취초기에 소화율이 높아졌고 3회(回)에 다소 감소하였다가 4회(回)에 증가하였다. Cellulose 소화율은 Alfalfa와 마찬가지로 3회(回) 시기에 감소하였다가 4회(回)에 약간 상승하였다. 3. Alfalfa와 Orchard grass의 발효율(醱酵率) 및 발효속도(醱酵速度) 측정(測定) Alfalfa의 채취시기별로 볼 때 DM의 시간당 발효율은 1회(回)가 0.83%로 가장 높았으며 3, 4회(回)는 별반 차이가 없었다. 또한 Cellulose의 발효율(醱酵率)도 1회(回) 시간당(時間當) 1.29%로 가장 높았고 2,3회(回)에 감소하였다가 4회(回)에 다소 증가하였다. Orchard grass의 DM 소화속도(消化速度)는 1회(回)에서 4회(回) 1.42, 1.58, 1.60, 1.57%로 2.3회(回) 채취시에 빠른 경향을 보였으며 Cellulose는 2회(回)에 1.77%로 가장 높았다.

• 한국잠사곤충학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.14-19
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• 1999

누에 인공사료소재로서 값싼 목초분말의 이용가능성을 알아보기 위하여 1995년부터 96년까지 2년에 걸쳐 시험한 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 개미누에때부터 각 사료를 공시한 결과 목초분말 10% 함유사료는 호밀, 알팔파, 화이트클로버 및 이탈리안 라이그라스 모두 털떨이율 96% 이상으로 섭식이 양호 하였고 수견성적도 양호하였으나 목초분말 함량이 많을수록 섭식성이 매우 불량하였으며 따라서 3령까지 성장한 누에가 없었다. 한편 오차드그라스의 경우에는 초기 섭식이 매우 나빠 10% 함유사료의 사육성적도 대조에 비해 매우 떨어지는 결과였다. 2. 큰누에때에는 목초분말 함량이 많을수록 경과일수가 길어졌으나 공시 목초분말 30%함유(뽕잎분말 불포함) 사료를 제외하고는 수견성적에 대차가 없었다. 5령때의 배분수를 조사해 본 결과도 사료의 목초분말 함량과 역상관을 가지고 있었으며 수 견성적과는 정비례하는 경향이었다. 3. 호밀과 화이트클로버는 누에 사료소재로서의 이용가능성이 인정되었으며 채취시기가 빠를수록 섭식성이 좋았다. 따라서 이들 목초를 파종후 2~3개월째에 채취하여 분말화한 후 20%이하 함유사료를 조제, 1령때부터 공시하는 것이 바람직한 것으로 판단되었다. 4. 종합적으로 볼 때 목초분말이 누에의 섭식성 및 성장에 미치는 영향은 목초의 종류 및 채취시기에 따라 다르나 누에의 인공사료소재로서 10~20% 정도 함유하는 사료조제에 이용 가능한 것으로 판단되었다.