• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.429-436
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• 2010

Dyestuffs extracted from fifteen kinds of natural dyeing materials were researched on their antimicrobial performance against 3 kinds of bacteria and 2 kinds of fungi in order to develop conservation/storage materials of traditional and natural dyed papers. The three types of mordants were evaluated by using the same method and then mixed with the dyestuffs to research their antimicrobial performance. With those results, dyed paper was made by mixing mordants with 9 kinds of dyestuffs with excellent antimicrobial performance. Among the dyed papers, Cotinus coggygria, Coptis chinensis, Phellodendri amurense, Rhus javanica and Acer ginnala multiple mordant papers were found to have an antibacterial quality against fungi, while, in the insect repellent experiment using termites, Coptis chinensis and Phellodendri amurense dyed papers were found to have insect repellent qualities. Also, with regard to the research result about the affect of dyeing paper on other materials like metal, Coptis chinensis have relatively stable qualities. Also, the three types of dyeed paper by Cotinus coggygria, Coptis chinensis and Phellodendri amurense, were found to have a tendency to remove harmful gases. Not only can these dyed papers be used for making storage box for cultural properties to prevent various organic artifacts from bio-damaging, but they can also be utilized as functional finishing materials in various spaces.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.440-455
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• 2020

This study aims to examine the material characteristics of bowls and compare the making techniques of flat cup with cover and jar coffin from the Oryang-dong kiln site, Naju. Bowls, the most frequently excavated small pottery have similar material characteristics, including gray surface, fine-grained texture, and small-sized tempers such as quartz and feldspar, regardless of the excavation slopes. However, the firing temperature of the bowls mostly ranges from 950 to 1,100 ℃. It is estimated that the bowls had formalized making techniques, owing to the similar material composition and firing technique regardless of the excavation slope. The flat cups with cover have similar texture and mineral phases, except their poorly sorted inclusions. However, the jar coffins contain not only fine-grained minerals but also medium-grained quartz, feldspar, and biotite, showing a relatively wide range of firing temperatures. According to the geochemical results of pottery by type, it is assumed that chemical compositions are classified into two groups: small pottery(bowl and falt cup with cover) and jar coffins. In conclusion, small potteries such as bowls and flat cups with cover were made by removing the heavy minerals from raw materials, whereas jar coffins were made by adding medium-grained minerals to raw materials to maintain and support their structures, despite the same source materials. In addition, it is presumed that pottery making proceeded by selecting the source materials, preparing according to their use and controlling the firing temperature and environment.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2000

The availability of enokitake cultural waste for Lentinus edodes cultivation was investigated, although hardwood sawdust has traditionally been used as a substrate for this fungus. Firstly, physiochemical characteristics of cultural waste were analysed. Secondly, mycelial growth characteristics and fruiting yields of L. edodes on waste treated in some methods were determined. Physiochemical characteristics of enokitake cultural waste showed that the millwaste complex was a little degraded by enokitake fungus and suggested the probability that most component lost by enokitake could be rice bran. Mycelia of L. edodes grew and fruited well on waste supplemented by fresh rice bran and Quercus sawdust although didn't on waste only. Mycelial growths of these fungi on waste were accelerated when supplemented by rice bran to the percent of 40(w/w) but decreased or suppressed at above ratios(30, 40%, w/w). Supplementations of oak sawdust at above 40%(w/w) of the waste and rice bran at 20%(w/w) of the sawdust allowed such a good mycelial growth as to be selected as a pertinent mixing ratio for fruiting medium. A fruiting yield on enokitake cultural waste supplemented by oak sawdust (at 40% of the waste, w/w) and rice bran (at 20% of the sawdust, w/w) was not inferior to that on oak sawdust supplemented by rice bran only (at 20% of the sawdust, w/w). These results indicated strongly the potentiality of enokitake cultural waste as raw materials for shiitake cultivating substrates.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.60-64
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• 2009

Paper is easily damaged by physical and chemical deterioration under several factors. Damaged paper cultural heritage is usually restored by Lining. A traditional method of Lining is attaching the lining paper behind the original paper cultural heritage using starch and water. It supports the weakened quality of paper. In Japan, paper cultural heritage is restored with "Washi" which is made from mixture of Paper mulberry and Japanese cedar. In the west, the lining paper made from Paper mulberry, which has extraordinary excellent conservativeness, is usually used as a restoration material for paper. But Japanese Washi has dominated the demand for restoration materials as the most preferred restoration paper, and most kinds of paper made from Paper mullbery have been called as 'Japanese paper'. Result showed that the strength of the Korean lining papers was generally higher than that of the Japanese ones. As a result from measuring the rate of dimensional change after water-immersion and drying, sample B of the Korean lining papers and sample E of the Japanese lining papers showed the highest stability.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.37-46
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• 2021

Purpose: The international business is affected by significant cultural factors that may impediment the operation and the ultimate performance of a business organization. The current study aims to investigate prior literatures works to find cross-cultural discrepancies such as the cultural distance that impacts international companies' operations and management and develop appropriate strategies for realizing high performance while overcoming these challenges. Research design, data and methodology: To find the required sources, the study employed the use of secondary data. Different search strategies were used to find the necessary materials from various sources. The data composed of an extensive review from multiple peer-reviewed journals and other existing research. Results: Based on literature analysis, the current study suggests novel seven strategies for multinational organizations. As a result, this study provides various pieces of literature to deduce meaningful information on the appropriate business strategies that a company can use to bridge the gap of the limitations of cross-cultural impacts on international businesses. Conclusion: An organization moving into a new cultural environment faces challenges including tastes and preferences, norms, language barriers, and beliefs. Organizations, therefore, have to devise the best strategies to align themselves with the prevailing cultural conditions to reap the benefits of internationalization.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.361-368
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• 1998

The structure such as building and cultural properties was composed of various materials like wood, metal and stone that have been utilized and exposed to air, wind and rain far a long time. However, because of their special characteristics as structure, collecting of samples that may involve their destruction cannot be permitted, ever for material analysis. Therefore, h order to study the Influence of atmospheric pollution on structure, atmospheric corrosion tests were achieved by making use of materials(bronze. ancient copper, copper, steel and marble) in field exposure tests. Atmospheric exposure sites are selected from places which are characterized by urban, rural, Industrial and marine enoronments In Northeast Asia. According to the results of atmospheric corrosion tests: The corrosion rates of Industrial states In china were more serious than other sampling sites. In the correlation of meteorological factors. wet hours was defiled as Intogeacted hours under that atmospheric temperature is above $0^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity in above 80% that has a great influence on corrosion tests of materials in case of a short time. The relative humidity was above about 75% that resulted in great increase of corrosion rates. In the esimation of corrosion rates between materials, corrosion rates of steel was about thirty times and decuple larger than that of other materials excluding marble in unshelterd exposure and In sheltered exposure.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.34-51
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• 2020

In order to clarify the lime-based building method used in the Joseon Dynasty, lime materials, production techniques, and mixing methods recorded in ancient literature were examined. In ancient Joseon Dynasty literature, the use of low grade limestone as a raw material was recorded, and the use of pozzolanic materials such as Hwangtoh, white clay, and roof tile powder as mixing aids to enhance the strength of lime was recorded. In addition, various lime hydration and mixing methods were recorded, and based on re-experiments carried out with regards to this, a physical property evaluation was deemed to be required in accordance with the various types of raw lime materials, lime hydration methods, and mixture ratios. In the early Joseon Dynasty, lime was used for various aspects, but frequent problems were experienced due to lack of supply and poor production techniques. In the late Joseon Dynasty, lime production techniques developed along with mass production. Based on analysis of the manufacturing techniques of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar in the 16^th and 18^th centuries during the Joseon Dynasty, it was found that mixing ratios and the methods described in the ancient literature had been applied. It was confirmed that the mixing ratio differed depending on mixing materials and lime quality. Since the mixing ratio of Hoegwagmyo lime mortar changed over time and it was produced strictly on the basis of a guidebook, it is believed that if continuous scientific analysis of the Hoegwagmyo lime mortar production method were carried out, this would be helpful for ascertaining the chronological methodology of Hoegwagmyo.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.271-277
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• 2011

Recently increasing eco-efficiency of natural dyeing has become an important topic. The purpose of this study was to manufacture colored pulp for interior materials by combining color therapy and natural dyeing. For this purpose, through experiments with water-bleed, K/S value and chroma changes of samples in pulp for interior materials.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2011.10a
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• pp.345-357
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• 2011

Recently increasing eco-efficiency of natural dyeing has become an important topic. The purpose of this study was to manufacture colored Wall paper for interior materials by combining color therapy and natural dyeing. For this purpose, through experiments with water-bleed, K/S value and chroma changes of samples in Wall paper for interior materials.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.183-192
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• 2008

Stone cultural heritages in Korea are mostly situated out door without any notable protection thus there are severe damage from chemical and biological weathering. This in turn, causes deformation and structural damage. To counter act this problem and to increase durability, various kinds of conservation materials are used in the conservation and restoration treatment. However, there are not many practical and technological experiment done on this subject. This paper attempts quantitative evaluation of effectiveness of ethylsilicate based resin for Namsan granite in Gyeongju. When two different materials with different ethylsilicate concentration were compared, the result indicated decrease of absorption and porosity with increase of ultrasonic velocities, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic constant, tensile strength and Poisson's ratio. In addition, comparison of physical characteristic of the conservation material resulted favorably toward ones with higher concentration of ethylsilicate. This is due to the ethylsilicates characteristic to fill the internal pores of stone. There is discolouration of stone surface after treatment with conservation material. This was more prominent with the product of higher ethylsilicate concentration.