• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Design Studies Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.212-213
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• 2004

Since the advent of man there has been a constant struggle to define social pattern, and understand ways of cultural thinking. Every culture has it's own limitations and freedoms, problems and expectations. For centuries now anthropologist, ethnographers have worked on mapping and defining these differences. These findings instigate the designers to formulate new design theories and research methodologies for drafting cultural specific solutions. The question arises 'in a cross cultural application how effective and applicable are the basic research methodologies'? Quoting one such example the 'Privacy' issue seems to be a very strong component in the Japanese culture but is often a deterring factor in allowing the 'home ethnographic study to take place effectively'. However in countries like India similar studies could have a more welcoming reaction owing to the adaptive social culture. Similarly, the high rate of 'Illiteracy' in rural India closes many doors for 'form filling' user surveys. This leads to the scope of research for understanding specific cultural traits that may effect adaptation and re-improvisation of these existing methodologies. Quite often the cultural traits of a country may lead in forming new research methodologies.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.21-38
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• 2009

This study examined the resilience factors of multi-cultural families using depth interviews. Thirty-one multi-cultural families(totaling 98 individuals) were interviewed on a range of issues, including the process of marriage, the attitude of international marriage, family relations, social networks, the process of social adaptation, and their needs for specific social services. The resilience theory was used to categorize resilience factors, multi-cultural families. Analysis of results from depth interviews identified three broad resilience factors. The first was related to for belief systems which included 'family's common goal', The second was related to family functioning systems which included 'family cohesion', 'family adaptability', and 'satisfaction for role-expectation'. The third was related to social networking which included 'satisfaction from social activities'. These resilience factors helped multi-cultural families cope with stressful events and risk situations related to every day life. Results from this study imply that multi-cultural families possess the abilities to lead a meaningful and healthy life-style regardless of obstacles such as communication difficulties, cultural differences, and societal stigma.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.81-103
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• 2013

Under the influence of globalization, South Korea has seen a sharp rise in interracial families. South Korean society faces various difficulties since it has not prepared for the stable settlement of families. Therefore, it is necessary to initiate marital education for the settlement of multi-cultural families in a healthy and democratic way. This researcher has developed a marital education program for multi-cultural families. To reflect the special characteristics, this work required the investigation of multi-cultural families in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The purpose of this work is to improve conjugal relations among multi-cultural families in a formative period of family relations to help those families to settle down early. The program consisted of four steps and 12 sessions. It featured an increase in application flexibility to an actual site by session, and includes a worksheet applicable to an actual site to understand the absence of communication and cultural differences in multi-cultural families during a formative period of family relations. In so doing, it was designed to easily perform nonverbal education. This work is expected to contribute to an improvement in conjugal relations of multi-cultural families in a formative period of family relations and help those families to settle down in a stable way.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.198-206
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• 2017

In this study, analysis of the cultural effects on design expressions and comparative analysis of designers' cultural background on their expression methods were implemented. The purpose of this study is to help the professionals and learners who pursue towards cultural designs in the design field utilize this research work as reference data and academic materials, and to contribute to the development of designs in the Eastern cultures. The author compared the differences between the viewpoints depending on background, either the Eastern or the Western culture, based on the existing studies and literatures, and analyzed the relationship between the viewpoints and expressions. Also, analyses of the expression methods related with cultural viewpoints and design viewpoints were conducted, especially with analysis of works of Uchida Shigeru from the East and Berner Panton from the West. Although both of their works were produced contemporarily and expressed with similar techniques, each of the conceptual approaches to their works represents different characteristics of the cultural viewpoint. Such a finding suggests that the approach to the design process should take place in a different way based on its cultural background, and it is accordingly required to seek for a new method for cultural design process.

• 지역과문화
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.77-93
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• 2021

The importance of cultural goods marketing in the management of museums is increasing as the museum's cultural goods are taking an important part in the profit.This study analyzes the differences in cultural goods between the National Palace Museum and the National Palace Museum through the 4P strategy of marketing products, prices, channels and promotion. While the National Palace Museum emphasizes cooperation with other companies in terms of products, the National Museum of Korea focuses on developing its own products.In terms of price, the two museums have different strategies because of their different market share.In terms of space, the National Palace Museum sells cultural goods through a variety of electronic merchants, while the National Museum of Korea is distributed through a special website.In terms of promotion, the Palace Museum uses online social media marketing strategies, while the National Museum of Korea collects ideas and develops cultural products through open recruitment activities every year. This research is of new significance to the development of cultural products in China and Korea through comparison between the National Palace Museum and the National Museum of Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.49-59
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to analyze the importance and satisfaction of resources in the mouth of Nakdong River. A Pearson's chi-square test was performed in SPSS 24.0 for statistical analysis and the result of the study was summarized by three points. First, the results of importance analysis on resources in Nakdong estuary found that the importance of ecology resources was the highest with 27.1%, followed by landscape resources (18.5%), waterside leisure resources (6.5%), complex cultural resources (5.4%), and historic and cultural resources (3.3%). The probability values (p-value) of each group had shown significant differences depending on gender, age, and the location of the survey. For instance, women respondents reported a higher preference to ecology resources and complex cultural resources such as museums than men respondents as much as two times and three times, respectively. Meanwhile, men respondents showed a higher preference to waterside leisure resources in three times as much as women respondents. As for the analysis by age, the respondents in their 20s and 30s recorded a higher value than those in other age groups, and people in their 30s reported a higher preference to waterside leisure resources than those in different age groups by three times. Lastly, no significant differences were found in the preference analysis by occupation (p>.05). With regard to the results of satisfaction analysis, the average level of satisfaction on landscape resources was 6.01, and that of ecology resources and complex cultural resource were 5.65 and 5.15, respectively. Also, significant differences were found between landscape and ecology resources in the satisfaction analysis by age, landscape resources by age, ecology resources by region, and between landscape resources and ecology resources by occupation. The p-value of complex cultural resources was p=0.012, although the satisfaction level of landscape resources and ecology resources were reported to have no significant differences by age. As for the level of satisfaction in landscape resources, respondents in their 40s and 50s showed a high level of satisfaction. However, those in their 20s showed a relatively low level of satisfaction in the same category. The survey respondents living in Busan and South Gyeongsang Province and those living outside the regions revealed no significant differences in terms of satisfaction in landscape resources and complex cultural resources. However, the two same groups were found to show significant differences in the satisfaction analysis on ecology resources. In the satisfaction analysis of landscape resources and ecology resources by occupation, significant differences were found among college students, government employees, ordinary citizens, and expert groups. However, they showed no significant differences in the level of satisfaction to complex cultural resources. Third, the results of importance-satisfaction analysis on Nakdong estuary found that the average levels of satisfaction to landscape resources for each group of respondents who considered landscape, ecology, and cultural resources as important was 6.19, 6.08, and 5.67, respectively. Their levels of satisfaction on ecology resources were 5.95, 5.57, and 5.41 for each. Its correlation to the importance was insignificant. However, it was confirmed that the correlation to the level of satisfaction on complex cultural resources had a significant difference (p=0.025). In addition, the results of the analysis on 15 detailed items that was carried out with the aim to improving values and vitalizing resources in the mouth of Nakdong River found that respondents considered that the vitalization of eco-tourism (49.5%) and restoration of reed marsh (47.5%) were important. The results of detailed analysis revealed respondents' high awareness on the need of enhancing values on ecology resources. Also, improving infrastructure nearby the mouth, creating cycling routes, walkways, waterside leisure facilities, and others were considered as the requirements for the vitalization of Nakdong estuary.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.164-172
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• 2010

This study reviews the influence of culture in interpersonal servicescapes by examining the restaurant retail setting. Two cultures (Canada and France) are surveyed in order to better understand their retail expectations towards interpersonal servicescapes. Using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions to explain some of the differences between Canadian and French restaurant patrons, this study demonstrates a potentially interesting research avenue in the field of cross-cultural interpersonal services marketing. It demonstrates that cultural dimensions do not operate independently but interdependently. Understanding this can help retailers better explain complex service interactions between countries that may appear similar in terms of various socio-demographic features. In this exploratory research, a measure via exploratory factor analysis was developed, one that encompasses both the physical and service aspects common to interpersonal servicescape by using personality traits. This measure was tested in order to better understand the service expectations between two cultures, Canada and France. Five dimensional structures were uncovered in both cultures but with different traits and groupings. The differences between the traits uncovered and the overall Canadian and French personality structures find some explanation using Hofstede's (1991) cultural dimensions. The results of this survey point to a possible explanation as to why when services are transferred between cultures, the perceptions of them can be different and sometimes even lead to service failure. There are clearly some cultural differences between the Canadian and French consumers and their overall expectations regarding their consumption experience. Reviewing the first factor of the French and Canadian personality structures shows that the individualist/collectivist differences are apparent between the Canadian and the French cultures. The second dimension also has quite a few traits in common, five, all of which have the personal treatment aspect of the restaurant experience that a service provider would be responsible for: polite, respectful, and dedicated. Notable is that the French dimension does not include the authenticity or the hospitable aspect of the experience but includes even more features that are inherent to the personal interaction, such as charming and courteous. The third dimension of the Canadian and French structures reflects completely different expectations. Whereas the French dimension centers around energy and enthusiasm, the Canadian version is more laid-back and relaxed. There is extroversion in the French dimension to introversion in the Canadian dimension. This could be explained by differences on the Uncertainty Avoidance dimension as outlined by Hofstede (1991). The fourth dimension seems to confirm previously outlined cultural differences. Whereas Canadians, being a bit lower on uncertainty avoidance and power distance, prefer an intimate and private experience, the French continue to expect extraversion and inclusive features to their experience. The fifth dimension is in the French personality structure a clear expression of the high power distance society, where the roles of the players in the restaurant experience are clearly defined and the rules of engagement preserved. This study demonstrates that different cultures clearly do relate to different expectations regarding interpersonal services. This is apparent in the dimensions that come up in both the French and the Canadian personality structures, not only in terms of how different they are but also in with which cultural dimensions these can be explained. For interpersonal servicescapes, the use of personality traits is interesting as it allows for both physical and service features to be accounted for. Furthermore, the social component inherent to interpersonal servicescapes surfaces in most of the dimensions of the service personality structures. The quality of social exchanges is extremely important, and this even more so in cross-cultural situations, where the expec tations regarding the service experience may vary. As demonstrated by this research and using Hofstede's (1991) paradigm, not all societies will have the same expectations pertaining to the interpersonal services. Furthermore, the traditions surrounding the type of service can also have an impact on the service evaluations and differ between countries and cultures. However, using personality traits may also allow for retailers to see which service traits are common to two or more cultures where they seek to be present, and focus on these in the offering. The findings demonstrate the importance of the individualist and collectivist dimension for interpersonal servicescapes. This difference between the French and the Canadian personality structure is apparent in the most dominant dimension as well as within others. The findings are a step in explaining how retailers can transfer and then measure interpersonal services across cultures.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.267-278
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• 2014

Purpose: This study aimed to examine the differences in Korean nurses' cultural competence perceived by nurses and foreign patients in a general hospital. Methods: The study participants were recruited from outpatient clinics and wards in H General Hospital located in Busan. Cultural competence was measured by the Cultural Competence Scale for Korean Nurses, consisting of 4 subscales: cultural perception, cultural knowledge, cultural sensitivity, and cultural skills. Data were collected from March 31 to April 30, 2014 by distributing and collecting a self-administrated questionnaire set. Data of the 90 foreign patients and 90 nurses were analyzed using PASW statistics 18.0 for independent t-test and ANOVA. Results: The level of cultural competence of Korean nurses perceived by foreign patients was significantly higher than that of nurses. On the cultural awareness dimension, nurses rated themselves more highly than foreign patients did while ratings on the dimensions of cultural knowledge and cultural skill were the opposite. Conclusion: This study indicates that there was a statistically significant difference in the perception of nurses' cultural competence between nurses and foreign patients. The findings can be used for developing education programs to enhance nurses' cultural competence, integrating the perspectives of foreign patients.

• 지역과문화
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

This study examined at an exploratory level what should be considered for developing underdeveloped areas using local cultural resources. This study analyzed the psychological and behavioral differences between those who have visited underdeveloped areas developed using local cultural resources and those who haven't, to draw out the implications for the urban regeneration. The results showed that there were differences in respondents' motivation to visit, perception of what needs to be done for the tourism development of underdeveloped areas, perception of the expected effects of developing cultural contents, and consumption behaviors. In other words, those who have visited the tourist sites where had been underdeveloped areas have a more positive attitude toward visit motivations, needs for tourist site development, expected effects of local cultural content development, and consumption behaviors than those who haven't. It means that it is of the utmost importance to induce as many people as possible into tourist sites in underdeveloped areas. This exploratory study is expected to offer some implications for developing underdeveloped areas as tourist sites, a form of urban regeneration.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-65
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• 2014

This study was designed to look into whether there is any mediated effect of psychological well-being and empowerment on the path of the negative emotions of mothers from multi-cultural families turning into the life satisfaction and tried to demonstrate empirically factors to mitigate the decline in the life satisfaction due to negative emotions of mothers from multi-cultural families. In addition, we verified the differences of psychological factors according to the characteristics of the sociology of population of mothers from multi-cultural families. For this, the survey was conducted with 400 mothers from multi-cultural families across the nation. The results are as follows. First, in case of negative emotions, there were differences among groups depending on ages, years of marriage and educational background. In case of psychological well-being and empowerment, there were differences among groups with different age, years of marriage, their own or their spouse's educational background. Second, as a result of looking into the path through which negative emotions turned into life satisfaction, there were the path effects between negative emotions and empowerment, between negative emotions and life satisfaction, and between psychological well-being and life satisfaction. This means that dealing properly with negative emotions can have positive impacts on the three dimensions of psychological well-being, empowerment, and eventually the life satisfaction. This study is meaningful in that it took psychological factors of mothers from multi-cultural families into consideration and the results can be used as useful data to come up with political measures for mothers from multi-cultural families in the future.