• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.309-315
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• 1996

Selective breeding and hybridization were attempted to improve shiitake(Lentinus edodes) strains for bed-log cultivation, and the results obtained are as follows. 1. Thirty five strains collected in Korea and abroad were cultivated for one generation(five years) and fruit body yields were estimated by the amounts produced from $1m^3$ of oak tree(Quercus mongolica) logs. Thus, three high-temperature type strains including FRI 177 showing productivity of $139kg/m^3log$, two mid-temperature type strains including FRI 188 of $120kg/m^3log$, and seven low-temperature type strains including FRI 187 of $96kg/m^3log$ were selected as superior strains. 2. Twelve hybrid strains confirmed as independent strains through indoor-test with hybrid strains made by Di-mon mating method were cultivated for five years(one generation). Among them, FRI 182 and FRI 184 were turned out to be superior strains. FRI 182 of high-temperature type showed the yield of 108kg per $1m^3logs$ and FRI 184 of low-temperature type produced $103kg/m^3log$. 3. There were no significant differences in productivity among high-, mid- and low-temperature types, but some differences appeared among strain groups. The correlation was not shown in productivities between bed-log and sawdust cultivations.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 2021

To investigate the incidence of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) in perilla fields in Korea, 55 soil samples were collected from open fields and plastic-film house fields and were analyzed during January 2020 to October 2020. Root-lesion nematodes (RLNs), spiral nematodes, root-knot nematodes, and stunt nematodes were detected in perilla fields, and the incidences of RLNs (39%) and spiral nematodes (55%) were higher than those of other nematodes. Among PPNs, RLNs are very important species found on economic crops. The detection frequency of RLNs was increased due to continuous crop cultivation, and the frequency of fields that cultivated only one crop continuously for over 11 years was twice higher than the frequency of fields that cultivated only one crop for less than 5 years. The PPN species diversity and density were different between leaf-perilla cultivation fields and seed-perilla cultivation fields. In phylogenetic analysis of RLNs, Pratylenchus penetrans, P. vulnus, and Pratylenchoides leiocauda were identified in perilla fields. These results suggest the RLNs should be considered for establishing nematode management strategies in perilla fields in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2022

Ginseng is an important medicinal plant cultivated in East Asia for thousands of years. It is typically cultivated in the same field for 4 to 6 years and is exposed to a variety of pathogens. Among them, ginseng root rot is the main reason that leads to the most severe losses. In this study, endophytic bacteria were isolated from healthy ginseng, and endophytes with antagonistic effect against ginseng root rot pathogens were screened out. Among the 17 strains, three carried antagonistic effect, and were resistant to radicicol that is a mycotoxin produced by ginseng root rot pathogens. Finally, Bacillus velezensis CH-15 was selected due to excellent antagonistic effect and radicicol resistance. When CH-15 was inoculated on ginseng root, it not only inhibited the mycelial growth of the pathogen, but also inhibited the progression of disease. CH-15 also carried biosynthetic genes for bacillomycin D, iturin A, bacilysin, and surfactin. In addition, CH-15 culture filtrate significantly inhibited the growth and conidial germination of pathogens. This study shows that endophytic bacterium CH-15 had antagonistic effect on ginseng root rot pathogens and inhibited the progression of ginseng root rot. We expected that this strain can be a microbial agent to suppress ginseng root rot.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.719-736
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• 2022

Environmental risk assessment of living modified (LM) crops is essential for their cultivation. In this study, we cultivated β-carotene enhanced transgenic soybean (LM soybean) and non-LM soybean (Gwangan) in living modified organism (LMO) isolated fields, and investigated changes in the insect fauna using three types of collection methods for three years. In total, 331,483 individual insects and arachnids, representing 82 families in 14 orders, were captured during the study. Totals of 166,518 and 164,965 individual insects and arachnids were collected from LM soybean and Gwangan, respectively. Throughout the study, although there were differences between the investigation year, region, and methods, there were no significant differences between the population densities of insect pests, natural enemies, and other insects on LM soybean and non-LM soybean. Also, there were no statistically significant differences between varieties in the results of the species diversity analysis. The data on insect species population densities were subjected to multidimensional scaling (MDS), which did not distinguish between the two varieties, LM soybean and the non-LM soybean, in all cultivated fields. However, the results of the MDS analysis were completely divided into six groups based on the yearly survey areas. These results provided the insect diversity for an environmental risk assessment of LM soybean and suggested that the guideline could be useful to detect LM crops.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.525-547
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• 2021

The main purpose of this study is to examine the use of plant species in ecological restoration projects. To this end, planting drawings from 58 sites that had completed the return of the ecosystem conservation cooperation fund for the past six years were collected and analyzed. The analysis used the construction completion and design drawings to determine the overall selection status and analyze frequency by classifying planted plants into wild and cultivated plants by nature, size, vegetation climate, and upland and wetland habitat. The investigation and analysis process found many cases of wrong plant names, so an analysis was also performed on the matter. In the 58 investigation sites, 282 plants were used for planting: 91 tree species, 69 shrub species, 11 vine species, and 111 herbal species. The most commonly used plant species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Sorbus alnifolia, Quercus acutissima, Zoysia japonica, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Weigela subsessilisin that order. The most commonly used tree species was Sorbus alnifolia,followed by Quercus acutissima, Zelkova serrata, Chionanthus retusus, and Cornus officinalis, in that order. The most commonly used shrub species was Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, followed by Weigela subsessilis, Callicarpa dichotoma, Rhododendron yedoense f. poukhanense. and Euonymus alatusin that order. The most commonly used herbal plant species was Zoysia japonica, followed by Dendranthema zawadskii var. latilobum, Aster koraiensis, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, and Pennisetum alopecuroidesin that order. In the analysis by vegetation climate, Spiraea prunifolia f. simpliciflora, Callicarpa dichotoma, and Sorbus alnifoliawere most used in that order in both the temperate central and the warm temperate forest zones, but the pattern does not properly reflect the climate characteristics. In the analysis by habitat, Miscanthus sacchariflorus and Lythrum salicariawere most used in the wetland. In particular, the ratio of wild plants to cultivated plants was 76% to 24%, indicating the ratio of selecting cultivated plants was high. The names of plants on the drawings were mostly common names that did not appear in the Korea National Arboretum or the National Species List of Korea. It is necessary to use proper plant names in the future. Regarding the use of planting plants for ecological restoration, it is necessary to adopt the approach of diversifying selected plants, selecting plants according to characteristics of climate zones, and lowering the specifications of plants used for ecological restoration. Moreover, it is important to fully understand the ecological characteristics of wetland plants and minimize the ratio of using cultivated plants to ensure the plant selection centered on wild plants.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2018

Tricholoma matsutake (Pine mushroom) is expensive, and its artificial cultivation has been tried in several countries. Until date, the only successful cultivation of artificial pine mushroom in pine forests uses matsutake-infected pine trees. The National Institute of Forest Science in Korea has been restudying this method since 2000. Success in fruit production and reproduction was achieved in 2010 and 2017, respectively, in the same locale. The successes proved that pine mushrooms could be cultivated artificially in the field using matsutake-infected pine trees. The fruiting of pine mushroom in October 2010 occurred 6 years, 6 months after the transplantation of matsutake-infected pine trees. Five pine mushrooms reoccurred in September 2017, 13 years, 5 months and 15 years, 5 months after the transplantation of the respective matsutake-infected pine trees. The distance between the matsutake-infected pine tree and the pine mushrooms was 12 cm at 6.6 years, 90~115 cm at 13.5 years, and 95 cm at 15.5 years. Fruiting bodies occurred 13~16 days after the underground temperature declined to below $19^{\circ}C$. In conclusion, the use of matsutake-infected pine trees remains the only way to artificially cultivate pine mushrooms. More knowledge of the environmental factors affecting matsutake fruiting would be beneficial.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.222-222
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• 2022

Improving the taste of rice in the breeding process is one of the important goals. However, it takes a lot of time and effort to select lines with good grain quality. MAS related to rice quality can help quickly and accurately select the elite lines in breeding programs. QTL qTV9, derived from Wandoaengmi 6, has been reported as a marker associated with improved glossiness of rice (Park et al., 2019). To confirm the function of QTL qTV9, 186 RILs derived from Hwayeong/Wandoaengmi6 were cultivated on ordinary planting cultivation for five years. The average DTH of Hwayeong and Wandoaengmi 6 was not significant at 99 and 97 days, respectively, but the averages of TV (toyo value) were 72.6 and 86.0, respectively. The DTH and TV of RIL vary from year to year. In 2017-2018, the average DTH was 98 days, which was significantly higher than the other three years. In 2018 and 2021, the average TV was 79.5 and 86.5, respectively, which were significantly higher than in other years. As a result of correlation analysis, DTH in the different years showed highly significant positive correlations (r = 0.71-0.92) from 0.71 to 0.92, whereas TV showed positive but weaker correlations (r = 0.42-0.71). The correlation between DTH and TV in each year was significant but weak (r = 0.25-0.64) and there was no correlation in 2017. The TV (77.6-88.7) of RILs with QTL qTV9 was significantly higher than that of RILs without qTV9 (72.6-84.9) for all five years. As a result of analyzing TV by DTH group, the TV of the lines with qTV9 in DTH groups (93-97) and (98-103) showed a significantly higher trend for all 5 years. And TV was not significant in DTH groups A, B, E, and F. This may have been influenced by factors such as insufficient populations between groups or differences in harvest timing. This study is expected to be used as data for improving the glossiness of cooked rice in breeding programs, and further study of the QTL qTV9 marker is required.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.295-303
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• 2020

We investigated the growth response and population regeneration of four halophyte species: Suaeda japonica, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima and Suaeda glauca, when climate change proceeds caused by increased CO₂ concentration and temperature. The plants collected from habitat in 2018 were transplanted into Wagner pots, and cultivated for two years in greenhouse divided into a control (ambient condition) and a treatment (elevated CO₂+elevated temperature). The shoot length of halophytes was measured in July of each year, and the population regeneration rate was measured in October 2019. The shoot lengths of S. japonica and S. glauca had no difference between control and treatment for two years. Those of S. europaea were longer in control than treatment for two years. Those of S. maritima had no difference between control and treatment in 2018 but were longer in control than treatment in 2019. In control, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca had no difference between years while those of S. maritima were longer in 2018 than in 2019. In treatment, those of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima were shorter in 2019 than 2018 but S. glauca had no difference between years. The regeneration rates of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. glauca were lower treatment than control, and there was no difference in the regeneration rate of S. maritima. In conclusion, if climate change progresses caused by the increase of CO₂ concentration and temperature, the shoot lengths of S. japonica, S. europaea and S. maritima will be shortened, and the regeneration rate of population will be increased only in the S. maritima.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.312-316
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• 2012

Very important factor for crop cultivation are water, nutrient and temperature. However, the essential factor for crop cultivation is water management. Water management is the most important and difficult problems in crop cultivation. The water saving irrigation manual can be used with easy to the farmer and who want automatic irrigation without soil sampling and any kinds of sensors measuring soil water status. The water requirement of red pepper cultivated in plastic film house is different according to soil texture, area as well as climate condition and growth stage. And, the measurement of potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and crop coefficient (Kc) to decide optimum irrigation schedule is very difficult. Results : The average PET during 30 years of northern region of korea for the red pepper cultivation was a $2.31mm\;day^{-1}$. The water saving irrigation manual as water saving is possible, those irrigation interval and amount of irrigation according to growing season and soil texture, are developed using the lysimeter experiments carried out by the RDA for 11 years about potential evapo-transpiration, Kc for the northern region of korea.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2011

Soil-borne barley yellow mosaic disease caused by Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) or Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) gives a serious threat to the winter barley cultivated in the southern regions in Korea. It is important to develop resistant varieties for stable and high-yield production. The objectives of this study were to evaluate 22 genotypes of exotic barley germplasms carrying the resistance genes rym1 through rym12, with the exception of rym10, and to determine the genes that confer resistance to BaYMV or BaMMV in Korea. Using the traditional visual scoring of symptoms at 4 locations over 3 years, average disease rate values differed (P < 0.001) among the genotypes. ELISA test revealed the presence of both BaYMV and BaMMV in all of the field sites but Jinju and significantly different rates of infection among genotypes and years. Barley genotypes differed in how virus quantities and pathogen-induced symptoms were correlated, especially in response to BaYMV. Disease incidence was affected by the climatic conditions present during the early growing stage before overwintering. A Chinese landrace, 'Mokusekko 3', carrying rym1 and rym5 was comparatively resistant at all locations studied. The barley genotypes carrying either rym6 or rym9 were susceptible to the viral strains. The genotypes carrying rym5 were resistant in Jinju and Milyang but susceptible in Iksan and Naju. The resistance genes rym2 and rym3 were effective in local strains and would be potent contributors to disease resistance.