• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.97 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2008

We compared the morphological characters and stable isotopes of seeds of wild simulated ginseng with those of cultivated field ginseng. Seeds were collected from ten areas for wild simulated ginseng and two areas for cultivated field ginseng. The length, width, thickness and number of seeds per gram were measured and the ratio of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen was analysed as well. There was a overlapping variation of morphological characters and the ratio of stable isotope of the wild simulated ginseng among study areas. In Geumsan area, compared with the seed of cultivated field ginseng, the seed of wild simulated ginseng was significantly small and light, and the ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) of wild simulated ginseng was lower than that of cultivated field ginseng. However, it is somewhat impossible to compare the regional variation of the unique value of ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) among study areas of wild simulated ginseng. We can suggest the value of ${\delta}^{15}N$(‰) can be used as detection factor for cultivation regime like chemical fertilization and organic farming.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The ginsenoside content was compared with wild simulated ginseng (Panax ginseng) collected every season at 11 wild simulated ginseng plantations in Korea. As a result, the total saponin of 7 years old wild simulated ginseng showed the highest content of 4.5% in spring sampling wild simulated ginseng, 2.0% in summer sampling wild simulated ginseng, 1.2% in winter sampling wild simulated ginseng and 1.0% in autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng. And also, the total saponin of 10 years old wild simulated ginseng showed the highest content of 3.9% in spring sampling wild simulated ginseng, summer sampling wild simulated ginseng (1.8%), winter sampling wild simulated ginseng (1.6%) and autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng (0.6%). Therefore, the total saponin of spring sampling wild simulated ginseng was about 4.5 - 6.5 times higher than that of autumn sampling wild simulated ginseng regardless of cultivation period.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.651-658
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the comparative growth characteristics and ginenoside contents of wild-simulated ginseng on different years (7 and 13-year-old) by monitoring soil properties of cultivation regions. Plant and soil samples were collected from 6 different cultivation regions. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN) and cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng cultivation regions. Growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng had shown significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compared to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. Ginsenoside G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 were significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng than 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. According to the results of correlation analysis, soil OM, TN and CEC of the cultivated regions were positively correlated with the growth of wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, the root length of wild-simulated ginseng showed positive correlation with ginsenoside content. Hence, this study was able to investigate the correlation between growth and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng based on soil characteristics of the cultivation regions.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.269-284
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• 2019

This study was to investigate whether cultivated ginseng (CG), cultivated wild simulated ginseng (CWG) and cultivated red ginseng (CRG) extracts influences on the obesity. The saponin contents of 3 kinds of ginsengs were analysed by HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS. Total saponin contents were determined in CG on the most contents and since red ginseng has the highest PD (protopanaxadiol type) / PT (protopanaxatriol type) ratio, there may be differences between ginseng, wild ginseng, and red ginseng with respect to their pharmacological effects. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet(N), HFD (60% Kcal fat, C), HFD with CG, CWG and CRG extracts (800 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. We observed change of total body weight, degree of hepatic lipid accumulation and immunohistochemical change of GLP-1 and insulin-secreting cells. Also this study attempts to use the physiological analysis method to analyze the changes of blood lipids, insulin and leptin concentration. The change of body weight and size of accumulated lipid droplets in liver lobules decreased in all of the experimental groups than the control(C) group. In the pancreas, the immunohistochemical density of insulin-secreting cells were significantly stronger in the CWG and CRG than C group. The levels of serum insulin and leptin significantly decreased 55.6%, 54.3% respectively in CWG and CRG. The changes of triglyceride, total cholesterol in serum decreased in CRG than the C group. Obesity related CG, CWG and CRG extracts might have contribute to improvement of obesity by regulating the levels of blood lipids and biochemical indicator of fat accumulation.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.172-180
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is classifying types of American ginseng and estimating their production cost and revenue by the types. Usually, the American ginseng can be classified as 4 different types; wild ginseng(WG), wild simulated ginseng(WSG), woods grown ginseng(WGG), and field cultivated ginseng(FCG). This paper estimates costs and benefits for FCG, WGG, and WSG per acre. The WGG & WSG are produced under the tree at mountain while the FCG is produced at large scale farm with machinery. Annual profit for the FCG is $2,222 while that of the WGG and the WSG are $2,759 and $3,799 per acre. Although quantity produced per acre for the WGG and WSG(600lbs and 160lbs) are much smaller than that of the FCG(3,000lbs), prices per pound for the WGG and WSG($125, 375$) are higher than that of the FCG($24). In addition, production costs for the WGG and WSG are lower than that of the FCG because of the costs for seeds, shadow facility, and chemicals are different by the types of production.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.380-388
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• 2019

The studies regarding soil bacterial community and correlation analysis of wild-simulated ginseng cultivation area are insufficient. The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between soil bacterial community and growth characteristics of wild-simulated ginseng for selection of suitable cultivation area. The bacterial community was investigated by high throughput sequencing technique (Illumina platform). The correlation coefficient between soil bacterial community and growth characteristics were analyzed using Spearman's rank correlation. The soil bacterial community from soil samples of 8 different wild-simulated ginseng cultivated area exhibited two distinct clusters, cluster 1 and cluster 2. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria (35.4%) and Alphaproteobacteria(24.4%) was observed to be highest in all soil samples. The lower soil pH and higher abundance of Acidobacteria resulted in increased growth of wild-simulated ginseng. Additionally, abundance of Acidobacteriia (class) and Koribacteraceae (family) demonstrated significant positive correlation with fresh weight of wild-simulated ginseng. The results of this study clearly state the correlation between growth characteristic and soil bacterial community of wild-simulated ginseng cultivation area, thereby offering effective insight into selection of suitable cultivation area of wild-simulated ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.255-262
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents of 7 and 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. The results of growth characteristics such as rhizome length, root length, fresh weight, cross-section area, surface area and volume were shows significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compare to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. In the case of 11 ginsenoside contents, the contents of G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1 and Rg2 were shows significantly higher in 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng compare to 7-year-old wild-simulated ginseng. In addition, in the comparative analysis of ginsenoside contents between wild-simulated ginseng and cultivated ginseng, 13-year-old wild-simulated ginseng was shows significantly higher G-Rb1, Rd, Re, Rf and Rg1 ginsenoside contents compare to 4-year-old and 5-year-old cultivated ginseng. In the result of correlation analysis between growth characteristics and ginsenoside contents, the G-Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2 ginsenoside was shows significantly positive correlation with rhizome length, fresh weight, cross-section area, surface area, volume, while as the contents of G-Rb1, Re, Rf, Rg2 was shows significantly negative correlation with shoot diameter. The results of this study was might be help to provide useful information on the establish quality standard by the investigate correlation analysis between growth characteristics and ginsenoside content of wild-simulated ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of ginseng properties through bibliographical records. The cultivation of Korean wild simulated ginseng (mountain cultivated ginseng) started from the Goryeo Dynasty around A.D. 1000. Thereafter, from A.D. 1500 to A.D. 1600, ginseng cultivation technology was established in the Joseon Dynasty. At this time, the ginseng was begun to grow in the field near the house, and it is recorded as Gasam (field cultivated ginseng). The Jung-Jo-Sil-Rok (A.D. 1790) states that Gasam cultivation has expanded to the whole country. The properties of ginseng described in almost all oriental medicine books from A.D. 250 to A.D. 1600 were a slightly cold. However, after A.D. 1600, it is said to be slightly warm or warm. Considering from this record, the slightly cold ginseng before A.D. 1600 can be recognized as the properties of wild ginseng or wild simulated ginseng, and the slightly warm ginseng after A.D. 1600 can be recognized as Gasam properties.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.76-80
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• 2015

Background: Identifying suitable site for growing mountain-cultivated ginseng is a concern for ginseng producers. This study was conducted to evaluate the soil properties of cultivation sites for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Hamyang-gun, which is one of the most well-known areas for mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea. Methods: The sampling plots from 30 sites were randomly selected on or near the center of the ginseng growing sites in July and August 2009. Soil samples for the soil properties analysis were collected from the top 20 cm at five randomly selected points. Results: Mountain-cultivated ginseng was grown in soils that varied greatly in soil properties on coniferous, mixed, and deciduous broad-leaved stand sites of elevations between > 200mand < 1,000 m. The soil bulk density was higher in Pinus densiflora than in Larix leptolepis stand sites and higher in the < 700-m sites than in > 700-m sites. Soil pH was unaffected by the type of stand sites (pH 4.35-4.55), whereas the high-elevation sites of > 700mwere strongly acidified, with pH 4.19. The organic carbon and total nitrogen content were lower in the P. densiflora stand sites than in the deciduous broad-leaved stand sites. Available phosphorus was low in all of the stand sites. The exchangeable cationwas generally higher in the mixed and low-elevation sites than in the P. densiflora and high-elevation sites, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that mountain-cultivated ginseng in Korea is able to grow in very acidic, nutrient-depleted forest soils.

• Journal of Ginseng Culture
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• v.3
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• pp.119-131
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of and solution to thermogenic reactions to Korean ginseng through bibliographic research. A review of bibliography on the thermogenic reaction induced by ginseng indicated that people who lack fluids, have fever in lungs, a stuffy chest, coughing up sputum, a strong pulse, and constipation due to fever in the stomach may exhibit such a reaction. In the herbal medicine book of the Qing Dynasty, Bon-Cho-Jeong-Ui (本草正義) recorded that wild simulated ginseng is slightly cold and replenishes the body's liquid reserves. The book also describes the field cultivated ginseng is slightly warm and enhancing stamina. Bon-Kyung-Bong-Won (本經逢源), Bon-Cho-Pyon-Dok (本草便讀), and Bon-Cho-Jeong-Ui were published authors in the Qing Dynasty, and they explained that ginseng fine root is bitter, supplements bodily fluids, and can be easily ingested because it is cold. Wol-Ji-In-Sam-Jeon (月池人蔘傳) and Bon-Cho-Bi-Yo (本草備要) described fresh ginseng assweet, bitter, and slightly cold in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, respectively. On the basis of this bibliographic description, the thermogenic reaction induced by Korean ginseng can be overcome by using ginseng fine root, fresh ginseng, or wild simulated ginseng. These ginseng radices are slightly cool, replenish human bodily fluids, and show the physiological effects of easy ingestion properties.